1. Impact on immune function: Intraperitoneal injection of 1~20mg/kg Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) in old mice seven days, the spleen hemolytic plaque formation of cells (PFC) value can reach the level of normal adult mice. Given LBP 5mg/kg, 3H-TdR incorporation value increased by 10 times. The application of ultra-appropriate dose of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) immunization (SOI) method shows that the appropriate dose of LBP in aged mice significantly regulate suppressor T cells (Ts) and enhance the activity of Ts cells[1]. Low-dose LBP (5mg/kg) could increase inhibit antibody function of Ts cells, while decreased significantly when the dose was increased to 25mg/kg and 50mg/kg. It is shown that the LBP possessed selective pharmacological effects on lymphocytes and immune regulatory function[2].. LBP exhibited the two-way adjustment on the mouse T, B lymphocyte factor, when the maximum dose to 1mg/ml it was inhibitory, while as small as 10-5 mg/ml showed growth effects[3]. LBP could significantly increase the number of the Th cells of immunocompromised mice, the Th/Ts ration and the lymphocyte transformation rate[4]. LBP could enhance the non-specific immune function, but also enhanced ConA-induced lymphocyte proliferation and increased serum hemolysin[5]. LBP could increase the weight and nucleated cell numbers of spleen of tumor mice, decrease the NK cell numbers of antagonistic tumor mice, and increase the generation of cytokines IL-2, suggesting that LBP inhibitory effect may be mainly through the immune system[6]. LBP was apply to T cells, B cells and MΦ cells, etc, to regulate the cellular immune function and humoral immune function. The immune molecular mechanisms study of LBP found that the target cell surface may exist the binding site of LBP, which role in the regulation of immune cell function may be activated by Ca2+, cAMP/cGMP and cytoplasmic PKC translocation and many other kinds of signal transduction pathways. However, not all the immunocompetent cells are the LBP targets, the N1M network also play the main part of the overall regulatory role[7]. Intragastric administration of LBP (10mg/kg) to mice, it could significantly increase the number and vitality of macrophages C3b and Fc receptors, and reduced the hydrocortisone acetate inhibition[8]. Intraperitoneal injection of LBP (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) could enhance splenic T lymphocyte proliferation and killing function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The specific destruction rate increased from 33% to 67%. LBP could also regulate the cyclophosphamide (CY) induced immunosuppressive effects mouse T lymphocytes, CTL and natural killer cells (NK cells). Moreover, LBP enhanced T-cell immune response and NK cell activity in normal mice and CY-treated mice[9]. Using cell culture and mouse peritoneal macrophage phagocytic function of measurement method, it is found that when medlar extract treated the 35th generation of 2BS cell line, the cell proliferation number was observed to increase linearly, and the macrophages number, volume, pseudopodia and phagocytosis of rede blood cell ability increased[10]. When fed medlar decoction (10mg/(kg•d) for 9 days, it could enhance the ability of mouse neutrophil phagocytosis of dead yeast, and to restore white blood cell count in mice injected with cyclophosphamide. Both of the medlar decoction and LBP could increase the hemolytic plaque (PFC) count, where the former (106) is 1246[11,12]. When intragastric administration of medlar decoction (200mg/mouse) for 14 and 30 days, it could significantly reduce peripheral Tlymphocytes and suppress the immune toxicity of delayed type hypersensitivity and lower antibody titers., indicating that the medlar possesses the antagonism function against lead immunotoxicity[13]. Mixed the LBP with saline at the concentration of 1mg/ml and intraperitoneal administration, it was found that LBP could significantly converse the cyclophosphamide and 60Co irradiation-induced white blood cell count decrease[14]. Water extracts of medlar have typical feature of anti-X-ray-radiation[15]. Fed the rat with medlar tea bag 2mml/rat for 2 weeks, it can significantly improve the content of immunoglobulin and complement activity[16]. 

2. Anti-oxidant and anti-aging: medlar extract significantly inhibited the generation of mouse liver homogenate lipid peroxidation (LPO) in vitro in a dose-dependent manner; in vivo tests confirmed that fed mice with medlar extract 0.5 and 5mg (crude drug)/kg for 20 days, it could significantly inhibit hepatic LPO generation and increase the blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) vitality; human trails suggested that it could obviously inhibit serum LPO generation, leading the blood GSH-PX activity increased, but erythrocyte SOD activity did not increase, indicating that the extract had anti-aging function[17]. To investigating the scavenging effect of different concentrations of LBP against OH radical using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), the clearance rate of 0.25mg/ml LBP was 18.64%, 1mg/ml was 87.29%, while when the concentration increased to 5mg/ml, the clearance rate decreased to 68.64%, the more the less, suggesting that low concentration of medlar polysaccharides could significantly remove the OH radical, but the high concentration the ability decreased[18]. By intragastric administration of LBP to the galactose model mice, it was found that LBP could improve the GSH-PX and SOD activity, leading to remove excess radicals, reduce the MDA and lipofuscin content, indicating LBP play a role in anti-aging[19]. It is also found that LBP could regulate the non-specific and specific immune response in mice, indicating that LBP could obviously improve the phagocytic function, T cell proliferation, serum IgG concentration and enhance the complement activity[20]. 

3. Anti-tumor: medlar acetone extract could inhibit mutation of carcinogen induced mutant strain TA98 and TA100 with the inhibition rates 91.8% and 82.6%, respectively, suggesting that medlar contains anti-mutagenic substances and resist, block the mutagenic effect[21]. Both of the medlar lyophilized powder suspension treated rat sarcoma W256 and LBP treated mouse sarcoma S180 found that it could improve the immunity and certain anti-tumor effects. Intraperitoneal injection of 10mg/kg LBP in mice for 7 days, it can lead the mouse T-lymphocyte proliferation increased from 0.3% (normal) to 24.6%. The inhibitory rate of 10~20mg/kg was 31%~39%, and 12.5mg/kg cyclophosphamide single subcutaneous injection was 14%, which combined injection with 10mg/kg LBP, the inhibitory rate is 54%, indicating that they are obvious synergies. It was observed that the white blood cells of medlar lyophilized powder suspension treated rat sarcoma W256 could be obviously picking up in 1 week, and back up to normal levels in 2 weeks[22,23]. Medlar 20g(crude drug)/kg orally for 7 days, it can reduce cyclophosphamide-induced mouse peripheral white blood cells, of which the elevate rate is 30.6%[24]. LBP injected aging mice can significantly promote the proliferation of spleen cells and LAK cell activity can be increased by 120%~200%[25]. In vitro cell assays proved that medlar fruit and leaves could significantly inhibit human gastric adenocarcinoma KATO III cells and medlar fruit stalk and leaves inhibit human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. Its mechanism is  mainly manifested in the suppression of DNA synthesis, interference with cell division and cell colonization decreased[26]. Combined medlar polysaccharide with radiotherapy treatment showed a clear radiosensitizing effect. LBP also possessed radiosensitizing effect on acute hypoxic tumor cells without apparent toxicity[27]. 

4. Lowering blood pressure and liver protection: medlar can reduce cholesterol content in rat serum[28]. Long-time fed rabbit with food mixed with medlar water extract (0.5% and 1%) or betaine (0.1%) could protect carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage and inhibit carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid changed in serum and liver. At the same time, it could also shorten the thiopental sleep time, reduce the phenol Tetrabromodiphenyl phthalocyanine sodium (BSP) retention and lower aspartate aminotransferase[28,29]. Mice fed the medlar aqueous extracts on carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage slightly could inhibit the deposition of fat in liver cells and promote liver cells proliferation[30]. It was also observed that aspartic acid betaine possessed a protective effect on carbon tetrachloride toxic hepatitis[31]. The mechanism that betaine acted as methyl donor may be related to its hepatoprotective effect[28,29]. The 5-month-old male stress rats, long-time electric shock and plus low-dose r-ray irradiation, intraperitoneal injected of 5mg/kg and 10mg/kg LBP, 5 times/2 weeks. The results showed that the total lipid level of spleen and brain in treatment group was close to the control group and the homogenate MDA(malondialdehyde) was significantly reduced. Additionally, when 10 and 15mg/kg LBP treating for 1 week, it could also play a significant role in the protection of carbon tetrachloride-induced mouse liver lipid peroxidation damage[32,33]. 

5. Anti-hypertension: LBP can reduce 2K1C rats systolic and diastolic blood pressure, decrease MDA and endothelin levels in plasma and blood, increase calcitonin gene-related peptide release and prevent high blood pressure formation[34]. Many researches found that LBP could drop arterial blood pressure of rats, reduce heart contraction rate and its effect did not significantly changed before and after cutting the vagus nerve[35]. It was found that plasma NO synthase cGMP content increased significantly in medlar extract treated the renal artery stenosis hypertensive model rats. And there existed significantly statistical difference in cardiac myocyte cross-sectional area. Myocardial tissue structure was close to normal and cerebral vascular changed lightly. Compared with normal group, cGMP levels of kidney, heart and brain tissue in control group increased significantly, while cGMP levels in treatment group decreased as compared to control group. The expression of apoptotic factor Bcl-2 in the brain showed a significant difference between the groups, indicating that medlar extract has a protective effect of nephrogenic hypertension caused organ damage, can prevent the damage caused by oxygen free radicals, of which its mechanism and regulation are related to vasoactive substances levels and oxygen free radical damage[36].

6. The impact of the hematopoietic system: 10% medlar decoction, fed the mice with 0.5 ml for 10 days, could promote the hematopoietic function of normal mice and increase the leukocytosis[37]. When intraperitoneal injection of 10mg/kg LBP for 3 days, mouse bone marrow burst erythroid colony-forming units (BFU-E) and erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E) increased by 342% and 192% as compared to the control group. Peripheral blood reticulocytes increased to 218% as compared to the control group on the 6th days after administration. After LBP injection, it could also promote the splenic T cells secreted colony stimulating factor, leading to improve the level of serum colony simulating activity. In vitro assay found that LBP was not direct stimulation with colony forming unit granulocyte and macrophage, but could enhance the colony-stimulating activity of colony-stimulating factor (SF)[38]. 

7. Resistance to genetic damage: Ames assay showed that LBP have significantly inhibition on 2-Amino-Fluorene-induced mutagenic activity in TA100 strain. When added LBP in the sister chromatid unit exchange (SCE) studies, mitomycin C induced human lymphocyte SCE frequency was significantly reduced. Both of them possessed dose-dependent manner[39]. It was found that when the aging men treated with oral medlar, it could play a role of anti-mitogen induced SCE, improve the ability to repair DNA damage, decrease the SCE frequencies and protect the genetic material injury[40]. 

8. Lower blood sugar: medlar extract could give rise to significant and lasting reduction of blood sugar in rats, and increase of carbohydrate tolerance content[41], suggesting it has hypoglycemic effect[42]. Many studies showed that the α-glucose inhibition rate of 20μl LBP was 71%, 100μl LBP was 88%. The inhibition rate of 80μl LBP reached almost 60% within 0.5min, while reached 90% in 10min. These results indicated that LBP could strongly inhibit α-glucose and thus play a role in lowering blood glucose[43]. LBP can significantly reduce the streptozotocin induced hyperglycemic mice blood glucose, and protect islet injury[44].

9. Anti-radiation: LBP could improve the anti-oxidant capacity and timely remove the radiation-induced free radicals[45]. 

10. Reproductive system protection: Many studies found that LBP increase the serum hormone levels in testicular injury rats, increase organ coefficient in testis and epididymis, improve SOD activity in rata testis and lower MDA content, leading testicular tissue restored to near normal level[46]. Additionally, it was also found that LBP could significantly reduce the hydrogen peroxide exposed cells trailing cell percentage and tail length, indicating that LBP can inhibit the testicular cell damage induced by hydrogen peroxide, possessing a significant protective effect on the germ cells[47]. 

11. Anti-fatigue: Using the pulse current directly stimulated the Toad gastrocnemius as fatigue model, 6.4-25.6mg/ml LBP can decrease muscle contraction duration and muscle lactate content, but have no effect on the muscle contraction[48]. Intragastric administration of different doses of LBP can significantly increase the mouse glycogen, liver glycogen reserves, improve the movement before and after swimming 90 minutes and 150 minutes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) total activity, reduce strenuous exercise in mice after blood urea nitrogen increment[49].

12. Others: Medlar water extract can inhibit the heart and excite intestines, but betaine don't possess these effect[50]. Medlar extract can promote the growth of lactic acid bacteria, and stimulate acid production[51]. The medlar water decoction given mice orally 0.3m1/20g, for 30 days, make the mouse skin hydroxyproline content increased by 15.5%, significantly enhanced in mice to hypoxia, significantly prolonged the swimming time. Betaine acts as biological stimulants. Every tons of feed with betaine 4~6 kg can make the female and male chicks hatching weight more than the control group 12% ~13% and 17%~18%, respectively; Every tons of feed with betaine 8 kg can increase egg production 24.3% more than the control group[53].

1.The treatment of Hyperlipidemia: GouQiZiliquid 15 ml (1 g/m1), before breakfast and after dinner per day, a course oftreatment per 1 to 3 months, the treatment of elderly men of hyperlipidemia sexhormones in 128 cases of metabolic disorders. Results: in Chinese medicinediagnosis and classification of the kidney Yin deficiency, liver hand in bloodcholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein concentration were decreasedobviously (P < 0.01); At the same time the blood T value significantlyincreased, E value, E/T ratio to decrease (P < 0.01). deficiency of thekidney Yang and gas blood deficiency type its fall fat effect were not significant,but it were decreased trend; But for the blood T value and E value influence werenot obvious. GouQiZi liquid has good cholesterol and blood rise in value andreduce E2 T of the values of the role, but its pharmacological effects and theChinese medicine dialectical type points closely related^[1].

2. Recurrentaphtha: Fresh GouQi leaf 60g or dry GouQi leaf 20g, 1 time or times per day,soaked in boiling water, drinking as tea, take it for 7 days repeatedly, in 134cases, the total effective rate was 96.26% ^[2]

3. Acne Vulgaris: clean facial skin, blackheadsavailable through curette squeeze, small pustules can prick removing pus, freshwolfberry fruit mash, and applying facial skin and massage for 10min. with theclothes modified Taohong SiwuDecoction: TaoRen9g, HongHua 6g,DangGui 12 g, Chuanxiong 9g, ChiShuo15 g ShengDi 20g,DanShen 30g ,XuanShen 15 g BaiHuaSheSheCao 30g,NvZhenZi15g MoHanLian15 g, Addition orsubtraction with the disease, 1 courses per 3 weeks, to study for1 courses.Treatment of 37 cases, with satisfactory results^[3].

Function: nourishing the kidney and liver, improving acuity of vision, moisten the lung.

Syndromes to be treated: Efficiency of liver and kidney, dizzy, visual unclear, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, impotence and seminal emission, consumptive cough, quench one's thirst.

Oral administration: decoction, 6-12g, also can used in pill, powder, vinum, and ointment.

Should not be used in the patients with insufficiency of the spleen.

1. Blurred vision, dryness and pain in eyes caused by liver and kidney deficiency

2. Dim sighted, blurred vision with black spots in the view and lacrimation with cold tear induced by liver and kidney deficiency

3. Cataract with dim sight due to kidney water failing to nourishing eyes in male kidney deficiency

4. Bi syndrome caused by wind dampness

5. Consumptive disease with polydipsia

6. Tranquillization and nourishing blood, strengthening yin and yang, improving intelligence, strengthening bone and musculature, lustering skin

7. Overstrain and consumption

1. Hupohuanjing Pill: prepared rehmanniaroot, dried rehmannia root, desertliving cistanche(stir-frying with wine), eucommiabark(carbonizing), wolfberry fruit, dodder seed, flatstem milkvetch seed, cochinchineseasparagus root, ophiopogon root, anemarrhena rhizome, dendrobium, coptis root, phellodendronbark, dangshen(removing LU), chinese yam, poria, chinese angelica root, chuanxiongrhizome, amber, buffalo horn powder, anteplope’s horn powder, seed of feathercockscomb, chrysanthemum flower, bitter apricot kernel(removing peel andstir-frying), orange fruit, liquorice(stir-frying with honey).

2. Mingmudihuang Pill: prepared rehmanniaroot, dogwood fruit, wolfberry fruit, chinese yam, chinese angelica root, whitepeony root, puncturevine caltrop  fruit, abaloneshell(calcining)mutan bark, poria, oriental water plantain rhizom, chrysanthemumflower.

3. Shihuyeguang Granule(Pill): dendrobium, cochinchineseasparagus root, ophiopogon root, prepared rehmannia root, dried rehmannia root,wolfberry fruit, desertliving cistanche, dodder seed, schisandra fruit, achyranthesroot, ginseng, chinese yam, poria, pulvis cornus bubali concentratus, anteplope’shorn, coptis root, cassia seed, , seed of feather cockscomb, chrysanthemumflower, puncturevine caltrop fruit(stir-frying with salt water), chuanxiong rhizome, ledebouriellaroot, bitter apricot kernel, orange fruit(stir-frying).

4. Zhangyanming Tablet: prepared rehmanniaroot, dodder seed, wolfberry fruit, desertliving cistanche, dogwood fruit, whitepeony root, chuanxiong rhizome, siberian solomonseal rhizome, milkvetch root, dangshen,liquorice, cassia seed, seed of feather cockscomb, shrub chastetreefruit(removing endocarp), pale butterflybush flower, shrub chastetree fruit, chrysanthemumflower, grassleaved sweetflag rhizome, plantain seed, cimicifuga rhizome, puerariaroot, phellodendron bark.

5. Zengguang Tablet: dangshen, chineseangelica root, wolfberry fruit, poria, ophiopogon root, schisandra fruit, polygalaroot（prepared withliquorice）, grassleavedsweetflag rhizome, mutan bark, oriental water plantain rhizom.

6. Fuming Tablet: dogwood fruit, wolfberryfruit, dodder seed, glossy privet fruit, prepared rehmannia root, driedrehmannia root, dendrobium, cassia seed, common scouring rush herb, prunellaspike, coptis root, chrysanthemum flower, pipewort flower, mutan bark, anteplope’shorn, puncturevine caltrop  fruit, abaloneshell, plantain seed, manchurian aristolochia stemoriental water plantainrhizom, poria, areca seed, ginseng, chinese yam.

7. Kunbao Pill: fleece flowerroot(stir-frying with soybean wine), dried rehmannia root, wolfberry fruit, glossyprivet fruit(stir-frying with wine), eclipta, tortoise carapace and plastron, palmleafraspberry fruit, dodder seed, fourleaf ladybell root, ophiopogon root, dendrobium,chinese angelica root, white peony root, suberect spatholobus stem, red peonyroot, wolfberry bark, swallowwort root, anemarrhena rhizome, scutellaria root, mulberryleaf, chrysanthemum flower, pearl shell, wild or spring jujubaseed(stir-frying).

8. Niaoduling Enema: rhubarb, glabrousgreenbrier rhizome, forsythia fruit, capejasmine fruit, cogongrass Rhizome, cinnamomtwig, honeysuckle flower, sanguisorba root, natural indigo, phellodendron bark,dragon’s bone(calcining), oyster shell(calcining), sophora flower, uncaria stemwith hooks, puncturevine caltrop  fruit, redsage root, safflower, dried fresh ginseng, ophiopogon root, wolfberry fruit.

9. Jigucao Capsule: canton love-pea vine, all-grassof common origanum, oriental wormwood, artificial cow-bezoare, pig’sgallbladder, capejasmine fruit, white peony root, wolfberry fruit, notoginseng,chinese date.

10. Qianliehuichuan Capsule: pilose antler, epimedium,wolfberry fruit.schisandra fruit, dodder seed, pangolin scales(roasting), cowherbseed, earthworm, giant knotweed rhizome, manchurian aristolochia stem, commonknotgrass herb, plantain seed, phellodendron bark, hedyotis, centipede, milkvetchroot, poria, radish seed, liquorice.

11. Qiangshen Granule: pilose antler, ginsengstem and leaf saponins, psoralea fruit, eucommia bark, wolfberry fruit, mulberryfruit, prepared rehmannia root, dogwood fruit, chinese yam, poria, orientalwater plantain rhizom, mutan bark, motherwort, red sage root.

12. Shenyanshu Granule(Tablet,Capsule):dried fresh ginseng(removing LU), dodder seed, siberian solomonseal rhizome, wolfberryfruit, atractylodes rhizome, poria, tetrandra root, cogongrass Rhizome, honeysuckleflower, dandelion herb.

13. Jiangzhiling Granule(Tablet):preparedfleece flower root, wolfberry fruit, siberian solomonseal rhizome, cassia seed,hawthorn fruit.

14. Dingkun Pill: prepared rehmanniaroot, chinese angelica root, white peony root, ass hide glue , red ginseng, whiteatractylodes rhizome, pilose antler, wolfberry fruit, saffron, suberectspatholobus stem, notoginseng, chuanxiong rhizome, motherwort fruit, nutgrassflatsedge rhizome, corydalis tuber, scutellaria root.

15. Ankun Zanyu Pill: pilose antler, deer’stail, deerhorn glue, ass hide glue , dried human placenta, tortoise carapaceand plastron, fresh water turtle shell(processing with vinegar)dogwoodfruit(processing with wine), dodder seed, desertliving cistanche(processingwith wine), songaria cynomorium herb, achyranthes root, wolfberry fruit, dipsacusroot, eucommia bark(processing with salt water), loranthus mulberry mistletoe, psoraleafruit(processing with salt water), prepared rehmannia root, chinese angelicaroot, white peony root, chuanxiong rhizome, ginseng, white atractylodes rhizome,（stir-frying with bran）, poria, liquorice, milkvetchroot, oriental water plantain rhizom, wild or spring jujuba seed(stir-frying), longanaril, polygala root(prepared), amber, safflower, saffron, suberect spatholobusstem, red sage root, medicinal cyathula root, frankincense(processing withvinegar), nutgrass flatsedge rhizome(processing with vinegar), corydalistuber(processing with vinegar), bupleurum root, aucklandia root, eagle wood, tangerinepeel, lindera root, Chinese lovage, purple perilla leaf, nutmeg(roasting), amomumfruit, pummelo peel, dried rehmannia root, coastal glehnia root, cochinchineseasparagus root, scutellaria root, phellodendron bark, sweet wormwood, swallowwortroot, large-leaf gentian root, cockcomb inflorescence, redhalloysite(calcining), silk wadding(carbonizing)carbonized hair, argyileaf(carbonizing).

16. Tiaojing Cuyun Pill: pilose antler(removinghair), epimedium(stir-frying), curculigo rhizome, dipsacus root, loranthusmulberry mistletoe, dodder seed, wolfberry fruit, palmleaf raspberry fruit, chineseyam, lotus seed(removing core), poria, milkvetch root, white peony root, wildor spring jujuba seed(stir-frying)red sage root, red peony root, suberectspatholobus stem, uncaria stem with hooks.