[English Name] | Fresh Ginger | |
[Chinese Name] | 生姜 | |
[Pinying Name] | Shengjiang | |
[Latin Name] | Zingiberis Recens Rhizoma | |
[Genera] | Zingiberaceae | |
[Efficacy] | Antipyretic drug | |
[Pictures] | Plant picture | Drug picture |
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[Plant morphology] | ||
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[Characteristics] | ||
[Ecology] | It prefers warm and moist climate,doesn’t resistant to cold,weak anti-cold ability,is afraid of direct strong light,grows well in scattering sun light. | |
[Chemical composition] | ||
[Pharmacological activities] |
1 Antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory effects: Intravenous injection 1.75mg/kg or oral injection 140mg/kg of gingerol alcohol or gingerol ketene have significant antipyretic effects on yeast-induced fever in rats [1-3]. Injection 5g/kg or intraperitoneal injection 10g/kg of fresh ginger can significantly increase the pain threshold [4]. Oral injection 0.3ml/kg of ginger oil can significantly inhibit acetic acid writhing in mouse, gavage 0.4ml/kg can reduce the hot plate test induced pain in mice [1]. The gingerol alcohol or gingerol ketene 1.75mg/kg intravenous injection, or 70mg/kg or 140mg/kg gavage show significant analgesic effects on the rat inflammation enough pressure method and the mouse acetic acid writhing experiment [2]. Injection 5g/kg and intraperitoneal injection 10g/kg of fresh ginger can significantly inhibit rat egg white and formaldehyde paw swelling [4]. 0.25-0.4ml/kg intragastric administration of ginger oil can significantly inhibit increased capillary permeability caused by histamine and acetic acid, xylene induced mouse ear inflammation and egg white induced foot swelling, and can significantly inhibit the cotton balls induced rat granulation tissue, reduce the thymus weight of young rats, and increase adrenal weight, indicating that its anti-inflammatory effects may be associated with enhanced adrenal [5]. 6 - gingerol ketene 280mg/kg gavage can significantly inhibit rat carrageenan paw swelling [6]. 2 The impact on gastrointestinal tract: Intravenous injection of Fresh ginger alcohol extract can make rabbits in vivo motion range of stomach briefly lower, ginger liquid can first excite then inhibit the motion range of isolated rat gastric fundus, reduce the frequency, and has contraction effect on the isolated guinea pig ileum [7]. 6 - gingerol ketene and 6 - gingerol alcohol can inhibit the contraction of in vivo stomach, and the function of the former is stronger [3], gingerol alcohol and gingerol ketene can relax intestinal smooth muscle [2, 8]. Gavage gingerol ketene, he decomposition products of ginger extract, can also relax rabbit intestinal and weaken peristalsis [9]. Ginger acetone extracts of 75mg/kg, ketene gingerol 2.5mg/kg, or 6-, 8-, 10- gingerol alcohol 5mg/kg gavage, can promote the propulsion of carbon power in the mouse intestinal, when compared with metoclopramide or piperazine dual microphone ketone, its role is similar but weaker [10]. 10% ginger decoction 2ml gavage, can promote the secretion of gastric juice in pyloric ligation in rats, and significantly increase gastric juice total acidity and total acid output [11]. To 25% ginger decoction 200ml gavage on Pavlov small stomach dogs, the secretion of gastric juice is always in the excited state within 24h [12]. Taken on an empty stomach of ginger on Pavlov small stomach dogs, can weaken the digestion of pepsin on the protein and enhance the role of the lipase [13]. In addition, ginger has significant inhibitory effects on trypsin, so that the trypsin saccharification of starch, starch dextrin and fat digestion are significantly reduced [14]. 3 Antioxidant effect: Adding 5% -50% ginger into pork then boiling 1-4 hours, the oxide value and thiobarbituric acid value are similiar with fresh pork [15]. The gingerol ketene and gingerol ketone also have antioxidant effects [16]. Fresh ginger extracts 5.56mg/ml can remove the superoxide anion radical, 2.08mg/ml can significant inhibit rat liver homogenate lipid peroxidation, 11.11mg/ml have a protective effect on hyaluronic acid depolymerization induced by superoxide anion radicals [17]. On xanthine oxidase system, ginger concentrations as 174.3mg/ml can significantly scavenge superoxide anion, when concentration up to 871.6mg/ml, the clear rate is corresponding to the activity of 25.8mg/ml superoxide dismutase. The ginger 5μg/ml have significant scavenging effect on hydroxyl radicals generated by UV irradiation of H2O2 system, when the concentration up to 20μg/ml, the clearance rate is 67.8% [18]. The antioxidant activity of fresh ginger is stronger than stored ginger, that maybe associated with aromatic phenolic compounds, fertility phenols and phospholipids [19]. Ginger extract can inhibit lipid oxidation-induced DNA damage, this effect may be related to the clearance of reactive oxygen species and the inhibition of hydrogen peroxide and oxide formation [20]. 4 Anti-microbial effect: Ginger 60% alcohol extract can significantly inhibit Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the effect is concentration-dependent. Ginger extract can antagonize the hepatitis B virus surface antigen [21]. The ginger flooding agent can also significantly inhibit Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella, staphylococcus, streptococcus and pneumococcus [22]. Ginger ingredient gingerol ketone and gingerol ketene have strong bactericidal effects on a variety of pathogens, and the function of the former is stronger [13]. The ginger flooding agent (1: 1) can inhibition violaceum Trichophyton in tube [23]. Ginger rusty can inhibit Trichophyton, Ashland Trichophyton and Mongolian variant of concentric circles sexual Trichophyton violaceum Trichophyton rubrum, red ringworm, interdigital dermatophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum and dogs Bacillus monocytogenes [24]. 2.5% and 25% of the ginger flooding agent can kill Trichomonas vaginalis in tube [25]. Ginger ethanol extract of 1 × 10-4 can kill molluscicidal 20%, gingerol alcohol and gingerol ketene 5 × 10-5 can make snails 100% death. Gingerol alcohol 5 × 10-5 can kill 100% miracidia, 1 × 10-5 can kill 50% miracidia and 100% cercariae; 5 × 10-6 can prevent miracidia infected snails and cercariae infect mice, 90% snails can survive at this point [26]. Ginger extract 100mg/kg subcutaneous injection, can significantly reduce the amount of microfilaria in the blood of dogs [27]. 5 Gastric mucosal protection effect: Ginger decoction 0.1g/kg and 0.2g/kg gavage can significantly reduce the hydrochloric acid and stress-induced gastric mucosal injury, the protective effect on gastric mucosa may be related to the promotion of gastric mucosal synthesis and release of endogenous prostate factors [11]. Ginger decoction 0.5g/kg can significantly reduce the ethanol and indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury, promote the secretion of gastric juice, and increase the mucus combined with the gastric wall [28]. The ginger acetone extract 1000mg/kg, acetone extract component III 30mg/kg, zingiberene 100mg/kg or 6- gingerol alcohol 100mg/kg gavage, each can significantly inhibit hydrochloric acid-ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, with the inhibitory rates 97.5%, 98.4%, 53.6% and 54.5%, respectively [29-30]. Zingiberene 25mg/kg and 50mg/kg gavage, the inhibitory rate on hydrochloric acid-ethanol induced gastric mucosal injury in rats are 80.3% and 98.7%, respectively [31]. In addition, oral injection of ginger extract furan Mang ox ketone 500mg/kg to mice, has a preventive effect on stress ulcer [32]. 6. The impact on cardiovascular: Ginger ethanol extract have a direct excitatory effect on the heart of anesthetized cats [9]. Intravenous injection of 10-the gingerol alcohol 0.3mg/kg can make the myocardial contraction enhanced by 30%, and the role can continue for 10 minutes [33]; 6-, 8- and 10- gingerol alcohol intracardiac injection of 1.0mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, can increase the cardiac contractility of anesthetized dogs by 30-50%, and continue for 4 minutes, 30 minutes and 10 minutes, respectively [34]. Intravenous injection of 6-gingerol ketene 0.1-0.5mg/kg can slow down the rats heart rate; 3.6μmol/L of early use can strengthen the rat atria contraction and speed up the frequency, while repeated administrations show opposite effects [35]. Intravenous injection of 6- gingerol ketene 0.1-0.5mg/kg, can produce a step-down, obvious step-up and persistent antihypertensive three-phase effects in rats, when the dose is 0.1-1.0mg/kg, the role is dose-related. Pressor effect is associated with peripheral vasoconstriction and sympathetic excitement, while the antihypertensive effect is associated with the vagus nerve and heart inhibition [35-36]. 7 Sedative and anticonvulsant effects: Intraperitoneal injection of ginger oil 0.12ml/kg and 0.19ml/kg in mice, or intravenous injection of gingerol alcohol or gingerol ketene 2.5mg/kg, or gavage 140mg/kg, can reduce mice spontaneous activity, extent the sleep time of sodium pentobarbital or cyclohexyl barbiturate [1-3]. Intraperitoneal injection of ginger oil 0.24ml/kg and 0.3ml/kg can significantly against pentylenetetrazol seizures [1]. The gingerol alcohol 140mg/kg gavage or 3.5mg/kg intravenous injection can antagonize the central excitatory effects of methylamphetamine; 3.5mg/kg intravenous injection can prolong the death time of strychnine convulsions in mice, intravenous injection of gingerol ketene 7mg/kg can also prolong the death time of pentylenetetrazol convulsions in mouse [2]. 8 Hepatoprotective and choleretic effects: Intragastrical injection of ginger oil 2 days with per day 0.4ml/kg, has a therapeutic effect on rat carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury, it can reduce serum alanine aminotransferase; gavage 5 days, with daily 0.25ml/kg, has a preventive effect on carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in mice, and can reduce methyl bromide phthalate sodium retention [37]. The gingerol alcohol gingerol ketene can inhibit carbon tetrachloride and galactosamine-induced liver injury [38]. Ginger acetone extract of 500mg/kg, 6- gingerol alcohol or 8- gingerol alcohol 100mg/kg, duodenal administration, have significant choleretic effects on rats. The effects of 6 - gingerol alcohol are stronger than 10 - gingerol alcohol, its strength is similiar with dehydrogenation of sodium cholate [39]. 9 Resistance to 5 - hydroxytryptamine (5-HT): Ginger acetone extract can inhibit 5-HT induced contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum, the active ingredients are 6-, 8- and 10- gingerol alcohol [40]. Oral injection of acetone extract of 100mg/kg and gingerol ketene of 10mg/kg can antagonize the 5-HT induced temperature drops in mice, the acetone extract, gingerol ketene gingerol, 6 - dehydrogenase dione, 8 - and 10 - gingerol alcohol also can inhibit 5-HT-induced mice diarrhea, and gingerol ketene has the strongest effects [41]. Galangal terpene lactones (diterpenoid) contained in acetone extracts has strong anti-5-HT role, can antagonize 5-HT-induced guinea pig ileum, rat stomach fundus and rabbit aortic contractile response. The anti-5-HT effect of galangal lactone isolated guinea pig ileum (mainly 5-HT3 receptor) is far stronger than the rat stomach fundus (including more of the 5-HT1 receptors) and rabbit arterial strips (main with 5-HT2). Therefore, galangal lactone is a selective 5-HT3 antagonist [42]. 10 Anti-platelet aggregation effect: Ginger organic solvent and water extracts have significant inhibitory effects on arachidonic acid (AA), epinephrine, two adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen-induced platelet aggregation [43-44]. 6- gingerol ketene has significant inhibitory effects on ADP, AA and collagen-induced platelet aggregation [45]. 11 Antiemetic and anti-motion sickness effects: Ginger extract can inhibit the canine peripheral emetic drugs copper sulfate induced vomiting, oral injection of 10% -50% ginger 30ml also works. The mixture of gingerol alcohol and gingerol ketene can also antagonize the emetic role of copper sulfate and its minimum effective dose of 3mg/kg. 12 Other (1) Central stimulant effects: Ginger ethanol extracts have excitatory effects on the vasomotor center and respiratory center in anesthetized cats [9]. (2) Promote the release of active substance in vivo: 6 - gingerol ketene can promote the release of certain active substances in nerve endings, such as substance P, somatostatin, incretin trypsin peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide [29]. The gingerol ketone can promote the adrenal medulla to release catecholamines, especially epinephrine [46]. (3) Promote absorption: Ginger aqueous extract can significantly promote the absorption of Sulfanilamide, increase its bioavailability and efficacy [47]. (4) Cough relieving effect: Gingerol ketene has significant cough relieving effect on guinea pig [2]. (5) Lowering blood pressure: Gavage ginger extract can significantly lower high cholesterol in serum and liver cholesterol levels and increase the amount of cholesterol excreted by the fecal in rats [48]. (6) Anti-allergy effect: Ginger oil 0.2ml/kg gavage can inhibit irritable bowel muscle contraction caused by allergic bronchospasm and egg protein, and antagonize histamine, acetylcholine induced ileum contraction reactions in guinea pig, and the effect is dose-related [49]. (7) Mutagenic and anti-mutagenicity effect: Gingerol alcohol and gingerol ketene contained in ginger have mutagenic effect, while ginger oil ketones can inhibit the mutagenic effects of gingerol alcohol and gingerol ketene, and the effect is dose-related [50]. At the concentration of 700μmol/L, the mutagenicity of 6- gingerol alcohol is 104 times of 6- gingerol ketene [51]. (8) The inhibition of nitrosamine synthesis: Under simulated gastric conditions, ginger has significant blocking effect on nitrosation reaction, it can destroy NO2- system, thus the content of NO2- in the system is significantly reduced [52]. |
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1. Swollen and pain due to injury 2. Wind-cold common cold 3. Headache 4. Seemingly dyspnea, vomiting and hiccup in the chest with angry and helpless sensation 5. Retch and hiccup, cold feet and hands 6. Vomiting due to Stomach Qi Rebellion,including vomiting the food of breakfast late in dusk, vomiting the food of dinner until the next morning, and vomiting right after taking food 7. Predawn diarrhea 8. Continuous diarrhea with pus and blood 9. Constipation and urinary obstruction of the aged |
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