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[English Name] Immature Bitter Orange
[Chinese Name] 枳实  
[Pinying Name] Zhishi  
[Latin Name] Fructus Aurantii Immaturus  
[Genera] Rutaceae
[Efficacy] Qi-regulating drug
[Pictures] Plant picture Drug picture
Plant picture
 
Drug picture
 
[Alias]  
[Source]  
[Plant morphology]  
[Distribution]  
[Gathering and processing]  
[Characteristics]  
[Ecology]     It is planted in hilllow moutain zone and the coast of rivers, lakes and the sea,prefers warm and moist climate, strongly resistants to shade ,requires annual mean temperature above 15, germinating effective temperature above 10, growth optimal temperature between 20 to 25, grows safely in the temperature above -5, minimum temperature is -9℃, maximum temperature is 40℃.The optimum is the loose fertile acidic alluvial soil or acid yellow soilred soil with sunshinethick soil layerrich humusgood drainage.  
[Chemical composition]  
[Pharmacological activities]

1. The role on the gastrointestinal tract: Citrus aurantium has a dual role on gastrointestinal smooth muscle, that may be related to the body's functional state, drugs of different ingredients and animal species. Hesperidin first gives short period of excitement to isolated small intestinal smooth, and then inhibits the contraction leaving the tension reduced [1], the naringin known as strong antispasmodic effect [2].

2. The role on uterine smooth muscle: the extract by citrus aurantium extracted with hot water cause contraction on the 5 -hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) of rat isolated uterus, the ingredient is synephrine [3]; citrus aurantium decoction cause contraction on the mouse isolated uterus whether it is pregnant or not, however, it shows excitatory effects on rabbit inner uterus and outter ones. The role of description of the animal species, the effect of citrus aurantium is different [4 , 5].

3. The role of the cardiovascular system: citrus aurantium injectionsynephrine and N-methyl tyramine can significantly enhance a variety of myocardial contractility and pump function index in anesthetized dogs, they strong heart, increase cardiac output and constricts blood vessels to increase total peripheral resistance, leading to left ventricular pressure and arterial blood pressure rise [6].

4. Anti-inflammatory: naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin have anti-inflammatory effects, significantly inhibited the paw edema formaldehyde resistance, but the 5-HT-induced inflammation is not valid [7]. Many types of flavonoids have significant anti-inflammatory effect on the swelling of the carrageenan and the arthritis brought by Freund's complete adjuvant, so does to wound healing, the two roles related [8].

5. Antibacterial, anti-virus: naringenin and hesperetin in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella, and Salmonella typhi inhibition, the role of the glycosides is weaker than the aglycones [9]. The naringin inhibityeast and fungi [10].

6. Anti-allergy: rat with oral citrus aurantium water extract can significantly inhibit Type I passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) [11]. Many types of flavonoids such as hesperetin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin etc could inhibit the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis generated by reaction antibody (reaginicanlibody) [12].

7. Antioxidant: naringenin, hesperetin has a certain degree of inhibition on the non-enzymatic lipid oxidation induced by ascorbic acid or ferrous sulfate, the aglycone effect is stronger than the corresponding glycoside’s effect [13]. Naringin can certain inhibit the cumene hydroperoxide in vitro to make the red cell membrane oxidation and generate malondialdehyde and the fluorescence song fat-soluble products [14]. The naringin has a strong role of superoxide anion [15].

 
[Clinical trial]  
[Properties]  
[Medical and other Uses]  
[Dosage]  
[Cautions]  
[Traditional usage]  
[Toxicological studies]  
[Pharmaceutical preparations]  
[References]

化学成分:

[1] State Administration of traditional Chinese materia medica editorial board. " " Chinese materia medica. Shanghai: Shanghai science and Technology Press, 1999,12:874 ( total 3695).

[2] Zhang Yongyong, Ye Wencai, Fan Chunlin, et al. Lime in a new coumarin glycosides. Chinese Journal of natural medicine, 2005,3 ( 3): 141

[3] Feng Mei, Chen Xuejun, Wang Xiufeng. Fe, Zn, Fructus aurantii Immaturus in Cu, Mn determination of the content of trace elements. China practical medicine, 2008,3 ( 15): 10

药理作用:

[1]Baraboi V A. CA,1969,71:1975V.

[2] orkowski B.CA,1961,55:899f.

[3] Kinoshita Takeshi pharmacognosy magazine (Japan ), 1979,33:146.

[4] Yan Yingju. Chinese medical journal, 1955,41 ( 5): 433

[5] Zhu Siming. Chinese medical journal, 1956,42 ( 10): 946

[6] Chen Xiu, Huang Qianxia, Zhou Tiejun. FAI and hypertensive ingredients with dopamine, dobutamine on cardiac function and hemodynamics of the contrastive study. Pharmaceutical Journal, 1980, 15 ( 2): 71-77.

[7]Northover T.Planta Med,1982,46(3):162.

[8]Kim Chang Johng.CA,1991,115:64237h.

[9]Ramaswamy A S.CA,1972,77:43732x.

[10]Han Scong Sun.CA,1954,48:6020b.

[11] Jiangtian Young Japanese Journal of pharmacology, 1982,80:31.

[12]Kim Chang Johng.Arzneim Forsgh,1978,28(3): 347.

[13]Raoy AK.CA,1988,108:124064s.

[14]Affany A.CA,1988,109:98420h.

[15]Chen Yu Ting.CA,1991,115:105967s.

临床试验:

[1] Weng Songmei. Bletilla striata, citrus, furazolidone Decoction in treating gastric, duodenal ulcer 45 cases analysis . Jiangsu Journal of traditional Chinese medicine .1987,8 ( 9): 15

[2] Yin Rungen. Application " Lai trifoliate orange powder" in treating intestinal obstruction. Jiangxi Journal of traditional Chinese medicine, 1988, ( 5): 39

[3] Ye Keyi, Tang to the degree I. Ascending Decoction for the treatment of uterine prolapse in 924 cases. Journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine, 1984,4 ( 4): 238