[English Name] | Platycodon Root | |
[Chinese Name] | 桔梗根 | |
[Pinying Name] | Jiegenggen | |
[Latin Name] | Radix platycodi | |
[Genera] | Campanulaceae | |
[Efficacy] | huatanyao | |
[Pictures] | Plant picture | Drug picture |
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[Plant morphology] | ||
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[Characteristics] | ||
[Ecology] | It prefers warm and cool climate. It is afraid of straight sun light when seedling stage,must be shaded.Aadult plant prefers sun light,is afraid of waterlogging. It resistants to drought and sever cold,is afraid of windburn.It is suitable for being planted in the sandy soil with thick soil layer、good drainge、loose soil and rich humus. | |
[Chemical composition] | ||
[Pharmacological activities] |
1.expectorative and antitussive: anesthetized dogs oral decoction of 1g/kg of the products can significantly increase the mucus production of suction way, and its strength can be compared with the ammonium chloride [1]. To anesthetized cats, it also has obvious expectorative effect [2]. Guinea pigs take crude platycodin repeatedly irrigation at 80mg/kg, also has a expectorative effect [3]. It’s reported that the expectorative effect of platycodin is superior to Polygalaceae and inferior to America Polygala (Poygalasenega L.). However, mice phenol red method results weaker than Polygala [4]. The saponins in Balloonflower cause some degree of stimulation to throat mucosa and gastric mucosa via oral administration, reflectively caused hypersecretion of respiratory mucosa, sputum dilution, prompting discharge. The crude platycodin has antitussive effect [5]. Intraperitoneal injection in guinea pigs and antitussive median effective dose is 6.4mg/kg [3]. Platycodin D and D3 (monomer saponin) rat and mouse airway mucin release in vivo and in vitro can be increased. In vitro, when platycodin D and D3’s concentration is 200 mg/L, the mucin secretion of rat tracheal epithelial cells (RTSE cells) respectively increased 252.7 percent, 370.2 percent; the result of experiments on mouse tracheal epithelial cells (HTSE) cells is similar with the RTSE and dose-related. In vivo experiments, 20 mg/L of Platycodon grandiflorum saponins D3 to increase the role of rat mucin releases stronger than the concentration of 200 mg/L ATP and ammonia Australia Cable (Ambroxole) [6] . 2. Anti-inflammatory: The coarse platycodin have anti-inflammatory function [1]. There have had powerful anti-inflammatory function on carrageenan and acetic acid-induced paw swelling when rats fed up with coarse platycodin 100,200 mg / kg, the anti-inflammatory effect could be lasting 4-5 hours on the preceding one and 1 hour on the one behind. Fed up wuth 50mg/kg platycodin per day, 100mg/kg, for a week, significantly inhibited on granuloma was observed and rat adjuvant arthritis at the same time [11, 8]. Platycodin can significantly inhibit the anaphylactic shock in mice capillary permeability, mice orally platycodin inhibit the intraperitoneal injection of the same saponin-induced writhing and peritoneal exudate. The campanulaceae doesn’t have direct antibacterial effect, but the water extract can enhance macrophage phagocytosis, neutrophil white blood cell and lysozyme activity [12]. Studies of anti-inflammatory effects of seven kinds of saponins in campanulaceae showed that all 2-0-acetyl polygala saponins D, platycodin A, platycodin D and polygala saponins D can inhibit nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2). By blocking the activity of NF-KB (nuclear transcription factor KB) and reducing the expression of iNOS and COX-2, the platycodin inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 fulfilled [13]. Campanulaceae water extract can inhibit the translocation of NF-KB p65 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) and can also reduce the expression of NF-KB inhibitory factor I-KBα. And at the same time, the gene expression of TNF-a, iNOs and COX-2 in A549 also suppressed [14]. Campanulaceae have a strong anti-inflammatory effects on a variety of inflammatory models, the mechanism of which mainly related to the inhibition of Prostaglandin E2 pathway (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) secretion. At the concentration of 10mmol/L and 30mmol/L, PD can inhibit PGE2 generation of peritoneal macrophages which induced by rats tumor promoters 12-0-tetradecane acid phorbol-13-ethyl (TPA)[14]. 3. Immunomodulatory: For non-specific immune: The Campanulaceae water extracts can significantly stimulate the proliferation of mice peritoneal macrophages, inhibit cell proliferation, dose-dependent promote the production of NO and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a), and can also hoist interleukin IL-1β and IL-6 at the same time. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) indicates that the increase in the production of NO and TNF-α was respectively related to the increase in iNOs-mRNA and INF-amRNA[15]. Transient expression analysis showed that the mechanism may be trans-activation of NF-ΚB and increase in expression of iNOs and TNF-α [16]. Platycodin D (PD) and D3 (PD3) can inhibit macrophages strain RAW264.7 cell line to release NO, increase the secretion of TNF-α and improve the expression of TNF-α mRNA [17]. In contrast, through TLR4/NF-kβ signaling pathway, Campanulaceae polysaccharide can induce RAW264.7 cell lines of NO generation and iNOS mRNA expression[18], the specific molecular mechanism relates to the effect of activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (CMAPKs) and activated protein-1 (AP-1), and campanulaceae polysaccharides can also induce the release of TNF-a[19]. For specific immune: campanulaceae polysaccharide can enhance immune and significantly improve the generation of polyclonal antibody IgM and B-cell proliferation. After immunizing with sheep red blood cells (sRBCs) of thymus-dependent antigen. Intraperitoneal injection of campanulaceae polysaccharide can enhance the production of IgM antibodies in B-cells, however, campanulaceae polysaccharide can not affect the proliferation of T cells, the expression of IL-2 in TH1 or IL-4 in Th2 [20]. Tested by NO Griess reagent, 333.3μg-2666.7μg(crude drug)/mL campanulaceae water extract can significantly inhibit the release of NO in mice peritoneal macrophage. So, the regulation of the release of NO in mice peritoneal macrophage may be one of the mechanisms of the pharmacological effects [21]. 4. Hepatoprotective: Campanulaceae has a therapeutic effect on a variety of drug-induced liver injury model and its water extract can inhibit the carbon tetrachloride-induced liver toxicity, its mechanism may be related to the biological activation of carbon tetrachloride by hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme and scavenge oxygen free radicals[22]. Campanulaceae water extracts can reduce the process of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis and its main mechanism is suppression of liver inflammation and activation of hepatic stellate cells[23]. At the same time, The platycodin extract can protect from over tert-butyl alcohol caused liver toxicity, which is related to scavenge oxygen free radicals and protect cells from oxidative stress[24]. In addition, campanulaceae aqueous extract can prevent the liver injury caused by acetaminophen, which is closely related to the effect of blocking the biological activation of acetaminophen by hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme[25]. 14 days in a row, intragastric administration of 15g/kg campanulaceae decoction fluid to rats, 2 times per day, then took common bile duct intubation, collected bile by scale test-tube, 1 bile collected every 0.5 hours, 3 hour in total, and observed bile flow. The consequence proved that campanulaceae has choleretic effect and can significantly increase rat bile secretion[26]. 5. On the central nervous role: Campanulaceae crude saponins have sedative, analgesic and antipyretic effects. Able to inhibit spontaneous activity, extending the cyclohexyl sodium pentobarbital sleep time; was the analgesic effect on the mouse acetic acid resistance writhing and tail pressure method; in normal mice and typhoid fever, paratyphoid vaccine-induced fever mice showed a significant role to reduce body temperature [9, 8, 20]. However, It had no protective effect on[electric shock and pentylenetetrazol convulsions [20]. When platycodin D was injected to the ventricle or membrane in the tail flick, writhing and formalin pain models of different types of experiments have shown that a strong role in the town of pain [29]. By intraventricular injection of platycodin D, the analgesic effect and the dose were positively correlated,analgesic effect at least last for one hour, on the analgesic effect of the platycodin D and spinal GABA (A), GABA (B) ( y-aminobutyric acid), NMDA and non-NMDA(N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors is related to its analgesic effect. Analgesic effect is weakened due to the stimulation of norepinephrine and serotonin pathways, and has nothing to do with the morphine pathway [ 30]. 6. Inhibit gastric secretion and antiulcer: the crude platycodin in less than 1/5 of the median lethal dosehas inhibition of gastric secretion in rats and anti-peptic ulcer effects [8]. 100mg/kg dose, almost completely inhibited the rat pylorus ligation-induced gastric secretion. Rat duodenum into 25mg/kg crude platycodin, can prevent peptic ulcer formation and its role is equal to subcutaneous injection of l0mg/kg, atropine, but100mg/kg The preventive effect on stress ulcer subcutaneous injection of atropine is weak twice than 10mg/kg .ulcer model in rats induced by acetic acid, the crude platycodin can make ulcers coefficient significantly reduced, and the efficacy of daily 25mg/kg group higher than of the licorice extract, FM100 daily 200mg/kg group [9, 10]. 7. The role of the cardiovascular system: the intravenous injection of rat crude platycodin 0.5-5mg/kg, the temporary blood pressure decreased, heart rate and respiratory restraied, the duration increase with the increase of dose. From guinea pig atrial appendage, high concentrations showed negative inotropic effect [3]. Artery of anesthetized dogs injected 100-400mg/kg the crude platycodin, can reduce coronary and hindlimb vascular resistance, increase blood flow, and its strength can be compared with papaverine. 4mg/kg intravenous injection may also increase coronary and hindlimb blood flow, and associated with transient hypotension. It is believed that this vasodilation is the direct effect on the peripheral blood vessels [3, 15]. 8 Other: platycodin can reduce the cholesterol content of rat liver, increase the excretion of cholesterol and bile acid, as well as have anti-acetylcholine and anti-histamine effect [31], inhibite ileum contraction of guinea pig caused by acetylcholine and histamine-induced and antagonized histamine-induced tracheal contraction [11]. The intragastric balloonflower 2g/kg, inhibite congestive edema caused by bilateral jugular vein ligation and has diuretic effect [32]. In vitro tests showed that this product decoction 1:10 can inhibite Epidermophyton floccosum [32]. High fat diet containing the Campanulaceae water extract fed mice, the body weight of mice and uterine peripheral fat mass decreased significantly when containing 5% Campanulaceae water extract which is compared with the control group; at the same time,liver triacylglycerol of level also decreased. Studies suggest that: Campanulaceae total Saponins can inhibit pancreatic lipase activity, and inhibited it in the 41.7% level; platycodin D ,platycodin A ,and platycodin C can inhibited it respectively in 34.8%, 3.3 % and 5.2% level. The Campanulaceae anti-obesity effect may be due to the inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity of campanulaceae saponins. Thus inhibited the absorption of dietary fat [33]. 9. Hypoglycemic: gavage Campanulaceae water or alcohol extract of 200mg/kg to rabbit allows blood sugar drops, the hypoglycemic curve of the water extract is similar to intragastric administration of 25 ~ 50mg/kg of tolbutamide. Four days in a row in water and alcohol extract 500mg/kg gavage on experimental alloxan diabetic rabbits also has hypoglycemic effect, make the reduced liver glycogen after treatment recover and inhibited of the rise of food blood sugar, the effect of the alcohol extract is stronger than the water extract [7]. |
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[Clinical trial] | 1. Chronic cough after Caught a cold : Chronic cough after Caught a cold were treated with Weijingtang decoction andplatycodon root decoction in 106 cases as treatment group , 88 cases werecured, 12 cases were improved, the total effective rate was 94.3%[1]. 2. Radioactive esophagitis: Radioactive esophagitis were treated withJiegeng decoction (Platycodon Root ) in 128 cases for 1 or 2 courses, 1 agentper day, 10 to 1 days as one course of treatment.Results: 87 cases were cured, 30 cases were improved, with the total effectiverate was 91.4%[2]. 3. Chronic laryngitis: Chronic laryngitis were treated withGancaojiegengtang in 57 cases, 1 agent per day, take medicine 1 time in themorning and night , 6 days as one course of treatment. Results: 38 cases were powerfully,accounting for 67%; l5 cases were effective, for 26%; The total effective rate was 93% [3]. 4. Vocal cord nodules: The treatment of Jiegeng fufang for vocal cordnodules in 35 patients, 1 agent per day, three times per day. Results: 19 caseswere cured, 16 cases were effective[4]. |
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[Properties] | ||
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[Dosage] | ||
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[Traditional usage] |
1.Ulcerative gingivitis 2.Pharyngitis and toxin 3.Cough with excessive phlegm and sore throat due to invasion of wind-heat 4.Cough with accumulative phlegm induced by wind 5.Asthma and cough with phlegm 6.Aphonia due to lung deficiency 7.Abscess of lung, cough with sensation of fullness in chest, chilly shiver with rapid pulse, dry throat without thirst, stinking saliva at times, vomiting sticky and smelly pus occasionally 8.Cold pathogenic disease with severe fullness in chest 9.Cold pathogenic disease with abdominal distention due to disharmony of yin and yang 10.Pregnant abdominal attack by pestilent factor with pain in chest and abdomen 11.Sweating with cold limbs, spasm on extremities, abdominal pain and extremely week pulse after the vomiting and diarrhea stop in Cholera |
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[Toxicological studies] | ||
[Pharmaceutical preparations] | ||
[References] |
Chemical Composition: [1] State Administration Of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica Editorial Board."" Chinese Materia Medica. Shanghai: Shanghai Press Of Science And Technology:1999,20:622( Total6666). [2] Li Lingjun: Liu Zhenhua: Chen Yun:. Studies On The Chemical Constituents Of Platycodon Grandiflorum. China Journal Of Chinese Materia Medica:2006,31(18):1506 [3] Ding Changjiang, Wei Yongdi, An Zhanyuan,Et Al. Analysis Of Chemical Component Of Volatile Oil In Radix Platycodonis. Bethune University Of Medical Sciences:1996,22(5):471. Pharmacological Effect: [1] Tang Zhuangyu. Chinese Medical Journal:1952,38(1):4 [2] Gao Yingdou. Chinese Medical Journal:1954,40(5):331 [3] Takagi Keijiro.Journal Of Pharmacy (Japan ):1972,92(8):969 [4] Zhu Xuelin Medical Journal Central ( H ):1943,80:179. [5] Zhu Yan. Medicine Buried And Applications. First Edition . Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House:1958:146. [6]Shincy.Planta Med,2002,68(3):221 [7] Jiangtian Young Japanese Journal Of Pharmacology:1971,67(6):223 [8] Takagi Keijiro Metabolism (Japan ):1973,10(5):474 [9]Takagi.C A. 1975,82:261d. [10]Kawashimak.Chem Pharm Bull,1972:21(4):755 [11]Takagi Keijiro.Journal Of Pharmacy (Japan ):1972,92(8):961 [12] Japan Pharmaceutical Association Ninety-Eighth Annual Meeting. Studies On:1978,5:168. [13]Ahn KS. Life Sciences,2005,76(20):2315 [14]Leejh. Int J Mol Med,2004:13(6):843 [15] Choicy. Cancer Lett,2001,166(1):17 [16] Choicy. NT Immunopharmacol:2001,1(6):1141 [17] Wang C. Int Immunophannacol,2004,4(8):1039 [18] Yoonyd.Int Immunophannacol,2003:3(13-14):1873 [19] Yoonyd. Int Immunophannacol,2004,4(12):1477 [20] Hansb. Immunol,2001,1(11):1969 [21] Ji Yang. Research Of Traditional Chinese Medicine:2000,16(5):43 [22] Leekj. Food Chem Toxicol,2002,40(4):517 [23] Leekj. Arch Pharm Res,2004,27(12):1238 [24] Leekj. Toxicol Lett,2004,147(3):271 [25] Leekj. Cancer Lett,2001,174(1):73 [26] Liu Ping: Shi Minjuan : Ju Of Platycodon Grandiflorum Donghui. Promoting Bile Secretion In The Rat Experimental Study. China's Pharmaceutical Industry:2008,17(3):5 [27].Takagi Keijiro. Journal Of Pharmacy ( Day ):1972.92(8):951 [28] Chois S.Am J Chin Med,2004,32(2):257 [29] Chois S.Planta Med,2002,68(9):794 [30]Takagi K. Jap J Pharmacol,1974,23(5):709 [31] Mashcherskaya K A. C A,1968,68:20785s. [32] Two .Chem Pharm Bull Mountain,1979,27(6):1464 [33].Zheng Wufei.Chinese Journal Of Medicine:1952,38(4):315 Clinical Research: [1] Huang Yande, Daughter Of Xu Dongmei."" Weijing Decoction Decoction In Treating Long Cough After A Cold Of Platycodon Grandiflorum Were Observed In 106 Cases . Henan Journal Of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2001,16(6):28 [2] Shen Guowei, A Liling. On Platycodon Grandiflorum Decoction In Treating 128 Cases Of Esophagitis. Beijing Doctor Of Traditional Chinese Medicine,1996,6:16. [3] Yu Jie. Platycodon Licorice Decoction In The Treatment Of Chronic Laryngeal Yin57example Curative Effect Observation. Gansu Doctor Of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2003,16(6):15 [4] Liu Jun Of Platycodon Grandiflorum Decoction "In The Treatment Of Laryngeal Cough50 Cases. Journal Of Chengdu University Of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2005,28(1):19 [5] Shi Xuerui, Guan Fengling. Reuse Of Platycodon Grandiflorum Treatment Of Vocal Fold Nodules In35 Cases. Chinese Medicine Research,2002,15(3):38 Toxicology: [1] Zheng Yinan: Liu Can More: Xu Baojun Platycodon Anti Obesity Mechanism Experimental Study2002,24. Journal Of Jilin Agricultural University: (6):42 [2] Jiangtian Young Japanese Journal Of Pharmacology:1971,67(6):223 [3] Zhou Wen. Pharmaceutical Bulletin:1979,14(5):202 [4] Zhao Shouxun East China College Of Pharmacy:1956, (1):37 [5]Yin XJ.Mutat Res,1991,760(1):73 |