| [English Name] | Purging Croton Seed | |
| [Chinese Name] | 巴豆 | |
| [Pinying Name] | Badou | |
| [Latin Name] | Crotonis Fructus | |
| [Genera] | Euphorbiaceae | |
| [Efficacy] | xiexiayao | |
| [Pictures] | Plant picture | Drug picture |
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| [Alias] | Bashu, Gangzi, Jiangzi, Laoyangzi, Shuangyanlong, Mengziren, Baguo, Shuangyanxia | |
| [Source] | This crude drug is the dried, ripe fruit of Croton tiglium L. (family: Euphorbiaceae). |
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| [Plant morphology] | This species is a perennial shrub or small-type tree. The branches are green and covered with sparse asteroidal hairs when young and become hairless when old. The simple leaves are alternater; the stipule is linear, coming off in the early stage of development; the blade is membranaceous, ovate to long-round ovate, 5-15cm long, 2.5-8cm wide, attenuate or long-tapered at the apex, rounded or broad wedge-shaped at the base (showing 2 stalkless cup-shaped glands near the petiole), sparsely and shallowly serrate at the margin (usually with tiny glands at the tip of the sawteeth), both sides covered with sparse asteroidal hairs when young and becoming hairless when mature (or a mature leaf being covered with very few asteroidal hairs on the lower side). The raceme occurs on top of branch, with male flowers at the upper part and female flowers at the lower portion (or all flowers being male); the bract is drill-like; the small green male flower has a tiny and short pedicel covered with asteroidal hairs, a 5-parted calyx which is covered with sparse asteroidal hairs at the tip and whose lobes are ovate, 5 long-round petals which are almost as large as the calyx and rolled outward and covered on the inner surface and at the margin with fuzzes, and 15-20 stamens arising at the margin of the flower disc; the apetalous female flower possesses a comparatively thick pedicel, a 5-partite calyx whose lobes are long round and clothed with asteroidal hairs, an obovate 3-celled ovary densely covered with short and thick asteroidal hairs with 1 ovule in each cell, and 3 2-partite styles. The fruit is an obovoid to long-round capsule, bluntly 3-angular, nearly hairless or sparsely covered with asteroidal hairs, containing 3 seeds which are long egg-shaped, slightly raised in the back and light yellowish brown. |
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| [Distribution] | This species is chiefly distributed in |
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| [Gathering and processing] | The ripe fruits are picked before dehiscent, and dried in the shade; or piled up for 2-3 days until they become moist and change colour, and dried in the sun. |
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| [Characteristics] | The fruit is egg-shaped, generally 3-ridged, 1.8-2.2cm in length, 1.4-2cm in diameter, with a grayish yellow (or darker) coarse surface showing 6 longitudinal lines. It is truncate at the top and has a fruit stalk scar on the base. It includes 3 cells, each cell containing 1 seed. The seed is elliptical, somewhat flattened, 1.2-1.5cm long, 7-9mm in diameter; its surface is brown or grayish brown, with a minute hilum and a scar of caruncle at one end and a slightly sunken chalaza at the other end, between the hilum and the chalaza being the raised raphe; the outer layer of its coat is thin and fragile, and the inner layer is white and membranaceous; its kernel is yellowish white and oily. This crude drug is smellless and tastes pungent. |
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| [Ecology] | It mostly grows in hot climate area,common in the dank ditch side or village side、open place beside road,also distributs or is cultivated in other tropical areas in the world,grows wildly or cultivation. |
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| [Chemical composition] | This plant contains esters: 13-O-acetylphorbol-20-linoleate[12], methyl linoleate, 12-methyl-myristate, 9-methyl palmitoleate, phorbol-12-acetate-13-caprate, phorbol-12-α-methylbutyrate-13-laurate, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate[1,8,10,11,12], phorbol-12- acetas-13-laurate, phorbol-12-benzoate-13-benzoate, phorbol-12-butyrate-13-laurate, phorbol-12-caprate-13-butyrate, phorbol-12-cronate-13-butyrate, phorbol-12-cronate-13-caprate, phorbol-12-cronate-13-capryleneoate, phorbol-12-cronate-13-laurate, phorbol-12-laurate-13-acetate, phorbol-4-methoxy-12-myristate-13-acetate, phorbol-12-α-methylbutyrate-13-caprate, phorbol-12-α-methylbutyrate-13-caprylnate, phorbol-12-palmitate-13-acetate[1,8,10,11], ethyl myristate, 13-O-tigloylphorbol-20-linoleate, 12-O-[12-O-tigloylphorbol-13-(2-methylbutyrate)][12], glyceride[1,3,4,9], 9,12-hexadecadienoie acid methyl ester[14]; Fatty acid: tiglic acid[1,3,4], crotonoleic acid[1,3,4,9], oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidic acid, myristic acid, decanoic acid[14,15], octanoic acid, lauric acid[15], erucic acid, undecanoic acid[14]. Flavonoids: crotinⅠ, crotinⅡ[1,13], catechin, epicatechin[12]. Terpenoids and sterol: 12-O-decanoylphorbol-13-(2-methylbutyrate), 4-deoxy-4α-phorbol [1,6], phorbol[1,8,10,11], β-sitosterol[1,7]. Alkaloid: crotonoside, isoguanine[1,2,5]. It also contains 2-Br-α,α-dimethyl-benzyl alcohol, decadienaldehyde, copaene, 1-methoxy-4-(propenyl)benzene[15], cocarcinogen C-3, 1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-di(1-methyl-ethenyl)cyclohexane[1,2,5], 2,4-nonadienaldehyde[14,15]. This plant contains esters: 13-O-acetylphorbol-20-linoleate[12], methyl linoleate, 12-methyl-myristate, 9-methyl palmitoleate, phorbol-12-acetate-13-caprate, phorbol-12-α-methylbutyrate-13-laurate, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate[1,8,10,11,12], phorbol-12- acetas-13-laurate, phorbol-12-benzoate-13-benzoate, phorbol-12-butyrate-13-laurate, phorbol-12-caprate-13-butyrate, phorbol-12-cronate-13-butyrate, phorbol-12-cronate-13-caprate, phorbol-12-cronate-13-capryleneoate, phorbol-12-cronate-13-laurate, phorbol-12-laurate-13-acetate, phorbol-4-methoxy-12-myristate-13-acetate, phorbol-12-α-methylbutyrate-13-caprate, phorbol-12-α-methylbutyrate-13-caprylnate, phorbol-12-palmitate-13-acetate[1,8,10,11], ethyl myristate, 13-O-tigloylphorbol-20-linoleate, 12-O-[12-O-tigloylphorbol-13-(2-methylbutyrate)][12], glyceride[1,3,4,9], 9,12-hexadecadienoie acid methyl ester[14]; |
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| [Pharmacological activities] |
1. The croton processed with different ways could improve gastrointestinal movement and exhibits a purgative action[2,3]. 2. Small dose of the defatted croton seed powder can promote the liquid absorption of ileum. The 1/20-1/10 of the common dose of the croton can decrease the loose stools rate of diarrhea rats. This effect may be associated with the increasing of the liquid absorption of ileum, decreasing of the pathological intestinal squirm and improving intestinal absorption[4]. 3. Croton Alkaloid is able to induce the apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cell line MG63 and inhibit the proliferation of human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901[5-7]. 4. The croton oil could promote the development of cervical carcinoma and cause inflammatory response to the ear of mice[8,9]. 5. The defatted croton seed powder could induce mutation and has marked inhibition on the inflammation and immune function. it could markedly inhibit the swelling of ear capillary permeability, migration of leukocytes (in rat) and the pain response of heat in mice. it also markedly decreases the indexes of thymus and spleen, and inhibites the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages[1].. 6. The croton also exhibit other pharmacological actions such as reducing blood pressure, blood fat, blood sugar and so on[8]. |
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| [Traditional usage] |
1. Nebula 2. Thick psoriasis 3. Scabies, and Venomous snake bite 4. Scleroma pain under feet (callus) 5. Traumatic sprain, snake bites and malignant sore 6. Sprain and contusion 7. Fracture 8. Traumatic injury 9. Infantile fetus toxin 10. Hepatosplenomegaly 11. Rheumatism joint pain, lumbar and leg strain 12. Rheumatoid arthritis pain, and lumbocrural pain 13. Scrofula without festering 14. Amenorrhea due to blood stasis |
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| [References] |
Pharmacological actions: [1] Sum Songsan, Zhao Yanjie, Yuan Shi-qin. Effects of Badoshuang (BDS) on Anti-lnfammation, Immune Function, Analgesic Action and Mutation, Pharmacology and Clinics of Chinese Materia Medica, 1993(3):36. [2] Zhang Pei-fang, Miao Yan-xia, Zhao Qin, et al. Effect of croton processed with different ways on gastrointestinal movement of rats. [3] Wan Li, Zhou Zhen-hai. Advance of pharmacological research on croton. [4]WANG Xin, WANG Hong, LI Dan, et al, Study on the pharmacological actions of gradated dose of defatted croton seed powder. Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2009,26(1):72-74. [5] Xu Dong-qing, Zhan Zhen, Wang Ming-yan, et al. Mechanism of Croton Alkaloid (CA) inducing the differentiation of human gastric cancer cell line SGC -7901. Chinese Journal of Basic Medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine,2009,15(7):545-546. [6] ZHU Jun, WU Zhi-nan, XU Wei-dong, et al. Effect of Croton Alkaloid (CA) on Cell Cycle Apoptosis and Bcl-2 Gene Expression in Human Osteosarcoma Cell. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2009,27(7):1450-1452. [7] Xu Li-sheng，Qu Chang-zhi，Ma Zhi-quan，et al. The Effects of Anti-tumor Agents of Croton Alkaloids And Cisplatin on Human Red Blood Cell Membranes. Chinese Journal of Oncology, 1995,17(2):115-117. [8] Zhao Yun-fei. Review of chemical composition, pharmacological actions and clinical application of croton. [9] Lu De-yin．Zuo Dan， Guo Shu-fang，et a1．Experimental Study of Corton Oil and Human Cytomegalovirus in the Developmental of Cervical Carcinoma in Mice. Acta Academiae Medicine |
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