1 The impact on cardiovascular system:

1.1 Lower blood pressure, slow down heart rate and decrease myocardial oxygen consumption [1]

① Lobed Kudzuvine Root has a certain degree of antihypertensive effect on normal and hypertensive animals. Intravenous injection of Pueraria extract, total flavonoids, puerarin and its fat-soluble part of the PA and water-soluble part of PM, make the blood pressure of normal anesthetized dogs have a short and clear reduction, orally injection of Lobed Kudzuvine Root water decoction 2g/2kg, or wine extract 2g/2kg, or total flavonoids and puerarin also have some antihypertensive effect on hypertensive dogs [2]. PM2 can cause an increase of the normal dog blood pressure [3], which indicates that Lobed Kudzuvine Root contains not only pressure-down material but also some hypertension substance, the antihypertensive effect of Lobed Kudzuvine Root alcohol extract, total flavonoids, PA3, PA5 is not influenced by atropine. The antihypertensive effect of PM5 can be blocked by atropine, Lobed Kudzuvine Root extract against isoproterenol-induced increase. The experiments showed that puerarin could completely inhibit the activation of adrenaline on the adenosine cyclase.

② Lobed Kudzuvine Root can also slow down the heart rate. Lobed Kudzuvine Root flavonoids and puerarin can significantly slow down the heart rate of normal and myocardial ischemic dog.

③ Lobed Kudzuvine Root total flavonoids and puerarin can reduce blood pressure, slow down heart rate, reduce the total peripheral resistance, reduce left ventricular pressure and right ventricular pressure rise rate, thereby reducing myocardial oxygen consumption; while also expand coronary vasodilator and increase crown vein blood flow, reduce drag and increase the supply of oxygen, oxygen supply and demand balance thus been improved.

1.2 expand coronary blood vessels, improve the metabolism of normal and ischemic myocardium

① The total flavonoids and puerarin of Lobed Kudzuvine Root can remarkably expand the coronary vessels, dilate normal and spasm of the coronary blood vessels, and its role strengthen as the dose increases [4]. The use of puerarin is stronger than the total flavonoids, the effect of total flavonoids and puerarin on coronary circulation still remains after reserpine administration, suggesting that its role is achieved through the direct relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. In addition, total flavonoids and puerarin can against the posterior pituitary vasopressin induced  acute myocardial ischemia in rats.

② Keeping the normal dog vein unchanged, so had no effect on glucose metabolism, intravenous Lobed Kudzuvine Root flavonoids can increase the oxygen content of lack blood pressure, reduce lactic acid content, showing that Lobed Kudzuvine Root can improve the metabolism of normal and ischemic myocardium. In addition, puerarin also significantly reduce ischemia-induced myocardial lactate production, reduce oxygen consumption and myocardial water content caused by ischemia and reperfusion myocardial [5].

1.3 The impact on cerebral circulation, peripheral vascular and microcirculation

① [6] puerarin can significantly improve the cerebral microcirculation of normal golden hamster, significantly improve the condition of dropping norepinephrine-induced microcirculatory disturbance. the role of local Lobed Kudzuvine Root flavonoids on cerebral vasodilation is significant than on coronary vessels , it can gently improve cerebral circulation and peripheral circulation, this improvement effect is not caused by single dilation of blood vessels increased blood flow, but though increasing the low-amplitude waves and lowering amplitude wave, then the abnormal waves tend to be normal.

② [7] intravenous injection Lobed Kudzuvine Root total flavonoids and puerarin has no significant effect on arterial blood flow and vascular resistance, but femoral artery injection can increase blood flow, decrease femoral artery resistance, 0.5% Pueraria pre-infusion locally can antagonize adrenaline-induced arteriole contraction, slow down velocity and reduce blood flow, and local infusion of adrenaline firstly leading to microcirculation then local infusion of 1% puerarin also get the same results [8], puerarin injection intramuscular or intravenous injection have significant effects on the retinal artery and vein occlusion, and can improve the blocking state of retinal vascular peripheral units. 

1.4 Antiarrhythmic activity

Lobed Kudzuvine Root flavonoids, daidzein and puerarin alcohol extract can antagonize the arrhythmia caused by aconitine, barium chloride, calcium chloride, chloroform and adrenaline [9], indicating that the component of Lobed Kudzuvine Root may affect the permeability of cell membrane on potassium, calcium, sodium ion channel, thus reducing cardiac excitability and preventing arrhythmia.

2 Antioxidant activity

In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that Lobed Kudzuvine Root isoflavone can inhibit the increase of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde in mouse liver and kidney tissues and rabbits blood and brain tissue [10], and significantly improve the activity of superoxide dismutase in blood and brain tissue. This product can change alcohol-induced abnormal blood viscosity into normal conditions through clearing oxygen free radicals and anti-lipid oxidation [11].

3 Anti-tumor activity

Daidzein can inhibit the proliferation of the white blood cells HL-60 [12], daidzein can significantly inhibit the proliferation of B16 melanoma cells in the concentration range of 10~20mg/ml. In addition, to some extent, Lobed Kudzuvine Root extract has inhibitory effect on ESC cancer S18O sarcoma, and Lewis lung cancer.

4 The impact on immune function

The Lobed Kudzuvine Root can activate the foreign body phagocytic function of macrophages (M4) [13], enhance the excluding function in the initial infection state; and exert influence on cellular immunity by activated M4.

1. Coronary Heart Disease Angina: According to Jia JianSheng etc^[1] report, 56 cases in the treatment group received the “Puerariae Lobatae Radix Injection”, and 30 cases in the control group received ATP. Results: In the treatment group, the total effective rate was 91.1%, the total effective rate of ECG was 87.5%, In control group was 63.3% and 60.0%, the two groups had significant difference (P<0.05). According to ZhaoZhiMing etc^[2] report, 21 cases in the treatment group received puerarin, and 18 cases in control group received isosorbide dinitrate tablet, aspirin tablet and nifedipine tablet. Results: The effect of reducing angina pectoris attack, reduce nitroglycerin consumption, improve the abnormal electrocardiogram in the treatment group were better than that the control group (P < 0.05).

2. Chronic Pulmonary Heart Disease: According to the Zhou YD ^[3] report, the 124 cases randomly divided into 3 groups, Puerarin Injection group, snake venom antithrombus enzyme group and vitamin C group. The foundation treatment in 3 groups (anti-inflammatory, cough and relieving asthma, etc.) are the same. Results: In the Puerarin Injection group,the tatol effective rate was 90.0%, in the snake venom antithrombus enzyme group, the total effective rate was 88.9%, the two groups and control group effective rate (70.8%) had significant difference.

3. Cerebral Thrombosis: According to the Wen YC^[4] report, 150 cases in the treatment received puerarin injection, and 55 cases in the control group recived low molecular dextran. Results: In the treatment group, 68 cases cured, 35 cases improved significantly, 32 cases improved, 15 cases had no change, the total effective rate was 90%; The control group was 12 cases, 13 cases, 17 cases, 13 cases, 76.3%.

4.Cerebral Arteriosclerosis: According to the Wang JM^[5] report, 30 cases in the treatment group received “Puerarin Injection”, and 30 cases in the control group received “DanShen injection”, 10-14 days for a course in two groups. Results: In the treatment group, 8 cases markedly improved, 19 cases effectived, 3 cases had no chang, the total effective rate was 90%, The control group was 2 cases, 19 cases, 9 cases, 70%. Significant difference between groups.

5.Headache: According to the Qiao SZ^[6] report, 30 cases in the treatment group received “Chuan Ge Yin”(Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Puerariae Lobamle Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Draconis Sanguis etc.), 7 days for a course, the total effective rate was 94.87%.

6.Vertigo: According to the Qiu CH^[7] report, 87 cases received the “Lu Ge Di Huang Decoction” (Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum, Gastrodiae Rhizoma, Uncaria Rhynch0phylla, Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Chuanxiong Rhizoma etc), 39 cases cured, 34 cases markedly improved, 8 cases improved, 6 cases invalided, The total effective rate was 93.1%.

7.Diarrhea: According to the Jiang YN^[8] report, 39 cases with infantile autumnal diarrhea in the treatment group reicived “Shen Ma Ge Gen Decotation”(Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Puerariae Lobamle Radix, Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma, Plantaginis Semen, Mume Fructus, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Saposhnikoviae Radix, Atractlodis Rhizoma etc ), 39 infantiles with autumnal diarrhea in the control group received western medicine conventional method. Result: In the treatment group, the total effectiveness was 92.3%, the control group was 52%, the difference between groups was significant(P < 0.01). According to the Xu J^[9] report, 120 infantiles with acute damp and hot diarrhea in the treatment group reicived “Ge Gan Qin Lian Decotation”, 3 days for one period of treatment, 110 infantiles with acute damp and hot diarrhea in the control group received Western medicine (anti-infection, antivirus, improving digestion). Results: In the treatment group, 51 cases markedly improved, 46 cases effectived and 23 cases invalided, the total effective rate was 80.83%; In the control group was 44 cases, 38 cases, 28 cases, 74.55%. According to the Qin RS ^[10] report, 166 infantiles with acute damp and hot diarrhea in the treatment group reicived “Ge Gen Lian Mei Decotation”(Puerariae Lobamle Radix, Scutellariae Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma, Mume Fructus, Granati Pericarpium, Crataegi Fructus, Saposhnikoviae Radix, Atractlodis Rhizoma, Poria etc.), 2-4 dose for one period of treatment, Results: 86 cases cured, 72 cases markedly effected, 8 cases invalided, the total effective rate was 95.2%. According to the Pan AS^[11]report, 50 infantiles with acute bacillary dysentery in the treatment group reicived “Ge Gan Qin Lian Decotation” by enema, 30 infantiles with acute bacillary dysentery in the control group received antibiotics by enema. Results: In the treatment group, 38 cases markedly improved, 10 cases effected and 2 cases invalided, the total effective rate was 96%. The control group was 10 cases, 14 cases, 6 cases, 53%, 80%, difference between two groups was significant (P<0.01).

8. Acute hemorrhagic necrotic small enteritis: According to the Liu GH^[12]report, 15 cases reicived “Ge Gan Qin Lian Decotation”, all the cases cured.

9. Neck and Arm Pain: According to the Xi H^[13] report, 45 cases with acute nerve root pain in neck and arm in the treatment group reicived “Qing Ge Decotation”, 40 case with same disease in the control group received mannitol. Results: In the treatment group, 19 cases cured, 10 cases recovered fundamentally, 16 cases improved, the total effective rate was 100%, In the control group, 8 cases cured, 10 cases recovered fundamentally, 17 cases improved and 5 cases invialed, the total effective rate was 88%.

10. Shoulder Periarthritis: According to the Liang F^[14]report, 46 cases received the “Cai Ge Jie Ji Decoction” and Caryopteris incana through application, the total effective rate was 95.7%.

11.Measles: According to the Zhang YK^[15]report, “Cai Ge Jie Ji Decoction” was used to treat 14 cases with atypical late-occurred incomplete measles and 2 weeks high fever. Result: 6 cases glowed measles in 3 days after treatment, the rest 8 cases recovered within 1 week.

12.Visual Fatigue: According to the Liu HH^[16] report, “Cai Ge Jie Ji Decoction” was used to treat 38 cases with visual fatigue. Result: 38 cases had favorable recoverery and well prognosis.

1.       Stiffness of neck and back，anidrosis and aversion to cold of Taiyang syndrome

2.       Purgation mistakenlu used in Guizhi syndrome leading to continuous diarrhea, rapid pulse (exterior syndrome not relieving) with heavy breath and sweating of Taiyang syndrome

3.       Wind heat, high fever, headache, body pain, sores and rashes (whether erupted or not) due to Febrile diseases.

4.       Macula at the initial stage with high fever and hard pimples

5.       Hemafecia due to excessive heat or hot-food intake

6.       Continuous hematemesis due to heat in heart

7.       Epitaxis all day long leading to depression of mind

8.       Depression of heart due to hot disease in pregnancy

9.       Sudden ceaseless retch

10.   Temulence without waking up

11.   Madness, depression, vomiting to death due to food poisoning

12.   Bitter and depression in the heart due to over-dose of medicine

13.   Acute intestinal obstruction

14.   Spasm to death due to traumatic wind stroke

[1]State Administration of traditional Chinese medicine " Chinese Materia Medica " editorial board. Chinese Materia Medica. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 1999,11:610(total 3351).

[2]wangyanzhi, fengweisheng, shirenbing, et al. Poison ivy in a new chemical composition. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2007,42(9):964

[3]wubo, zhanghanjun, liweiyong, etal. Quantitative determination of puerarin in Pueraria lobata by HPLC and elementary study on their fluorescence. CHINESE JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL PHARMACY, 2005,25(6):534

[4]zhangshuping, zhangjunting. Studies on the chemical constituents of isoflavone from the flowers of Pueraria lobata. Natural product research and development, 2005,17(5):595

[5]heyun, zhangjunting, lihe. Kakkalide Determination of Pueraria lobata Flowers. ACTA BOTANICA BOREALI-OCCIDENTALIA SINICA, 2005,25(4):791

[6]fanshuying, wucaijun. Analysis of main chemical composition of Jiangxi wild pueraria. Journal of Jiangxi Agricultural University, 2004,26(2):235

Pharmacological effects:

[1]fanlili. Pueraria root flavone on canine coronary hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism[J]. Chinese Medical Journal, 1995,11:724

[2]zengguiyun. The pharmacological study of Puerarin puerarin on canine blood vascular reactivity in the cerebral circulation and peripheral circulation[J]. Chinese Medical Journal, 1994,265

[3]heweisheng. Kudzu root extract for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease and its advance in pharmacological and clinical research[J]. Lishizhen medicine and Materia Medica Research, 2001,12(5):470~471

[4]yuejiangwen, huxiaoqin. Puerarin and its effects on the cardiovascular system of the medicinal value[J]. Chinese Journal of integrated traditional and Western Medicine, 1996,16(6):38

[5]wangxiaoqing, fujing. Progress in studies on pharmacological effect of Radix Puerariae[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 1994,17(3):39

[6]duanchonggao, lixuwei. Ge Gensu the hamster brain microcirculation of rats[J]. Chinese Medical Journal, 1991,71(9):516

[7]fanlili, zengguiyun. The root of pharmacological research - Ⅱpueraria flavone on coronary circulation on cardiac hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism[J]. Chinese Medical Journal, 1995,55(10):724

[8]zhangqinglian. Clinical application of puerarin injection in Department of Ophthalmology[J]. Journal of Changchun College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999,15(3):45

[9]yangjinyun. Ge Genkang cardiac arrhythmia study[J]. Chinese Journal of modern pharmacology, 1998,8(2):53

[10]zhangguangcheng, fangenming. Kudzu root isoflavones antioxidative effect[J]. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials, 1997,20(7):358

[11]zhangkui, tongyafei, tianyingchang, et al. Ge Genzhi drinks the blood alcohol concentration and blood viscosity effect[J]. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 1995,26(7):364

[12]jingyongkui, hanrui. Daidzein ( S86019 ) and frankincense effective component Bc-4 or cytosine arabinoside on differentiation of HL-60 cells induced[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1993,28(1):11

[13]donglipin. The effect of Puerarin on immune mechanism[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmacology, 1998,19(4):339

Clinical reseach:

[1] Jia JianSheng, etc. The clinical observation of Puerarin treatment 56 cases with coronary artery disease angina[J]. Shanxi Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1998, (4) : 11

[2] Zhao ZhiMing, etc. The clinical observation of Puerarin on unstable angina pectoris [J]. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine e, 1998, (5) : 282

[3] Zhou Ying, etc. The clinical effect of “Puerarin Injection” and “snake venom antithrombus enzyme”on pulmonary heart disease in acute attack stage [J]. Practical combine traditional Chinese and western medicine, 1998, (1) : 38

[4] Wen YueCai. The clinical effect of “Puerarin injection” in the treatment of 150 patients with cerebral thrombosis[J]. Hunan Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1998, (3) : 44

[5] Wang JinMin, etc. The clinical observation of “Puerarin injection” on cerebral arteriosclerosis curative [J]. Journal of Fujian College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1998, (2) :

[6] Qiao ShuZhen, etc. The clinical effect of “Chuan Ge Yin” in the treatment of 39 cases with turbid phlegm and blood stasis types[J]. Shaanxi Journal r of traditional Chinese medicine, 1998, (1) : 10

[7] Chou ChaoHui. The clinical effect of “Lu Ge Di Huang Decoction” in the treatment of 87 cases with vertigo[J]. Shaanxi Journal of traditional Chinese medicine, 1998, (1) : 29

[8] Jiang YingNeng. The clinical effect of “Shen Ma Ge Gen Decotation” in the treatment of 39 cases with infant autumn diarrhea[J]. Journal of New Chinese Medicine, 1998, (6) : 14

[9] Xu Jing. The clinical effect of “Ge Gan Qin Lian Decotation” in treatment of 120 children with damp and hot acute diarrhea[J]. Zhejiang Journal of traditional Chinese medicine, 1998, (9) : 392

[10] Qin RenSheng. “Ge Gen Lian Mei Decotation” in the treatment of 166 infantes with diarrhea syndrome[J]. Liaoning Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1998, (7) : 316.

[11] Pan AiSong. The clinical effect of “Ge Gan Qin Lian Decotation” on children with acute bacillary dysentery[J]. Journal of Zhejiang College of Traditional Chinese Medicinel, 1998, (4) : 16

[12] Liu GuoHui. The clinical effect of “Ge Gan Qin Lian Decotation” in treatment of 15 cases with acute hemorrhagic necrotic small enteritis[J]. Hunan Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1998, (1) : 32

[13] Xi Hong. The clinical effect of “Qing Ge Decotation” in treatment of 45 cases with acute nerve root neck arm pain[J]. Shandong Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1998, (6) : 257

[14] Liang Feng. The clinical effect of “Cai Ge Jie Ji Decoction” in the treatment of 46 cases with shoulder periarthritis [J]. Jiangsu Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1998, (1) : 30

[15] Zhang YaoKun. The clinical experience of “Cai Ge Jie Ji Decoction” on Measles[J]. Hebei Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1998, (4) : 214

[16] Liu HeHua. The clinical effect of “Cai Ge Jie Ji Decoction” in the treatment of 38 cases with visual fatigue [J]. Liaoning Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1998, (6) : 274
toxicology:

[1]caishaohang, et al. Puerarin injection intravenous infusion of toxic and side effects and treatment. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 1998,(1):86