1 The impact on central nervous system:

(1) Cerebral protection and educational role: Gavaging 7 days, the volatile oil of gramineus can effectively suppress the unusual increase of of glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic the exception of the acid (Asp) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in short bilateral carotid occlusion induced cerebral ischemia and reperfusion SD rats, and reduce the damage of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion on the neurons [1]. Volatile oil and water-soluble ingredients of gramineus can effectively remove free radicals, prevent peroxide formation, reduce the neurotoxicity of nitric oxide, and exert a protective effect on brain cells [2]. Gramineus and α-asarone may be through the enhancement of the Bcl-2 expression to inhibit the pups seizures stimulate the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons; gramineus and its α-asarone can effectively reverse the damage  of pentylenetetrazol pupsmotor behavior and spatial learning and memory abilities due to t[3,4]. Gramineus and α-asarone may be through the enhancement of the Bcl-2 expression to inhibit the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons stimulated by pups seizures; gramineus and its α-asarone can  effectively reverse the damage of motor behavior, spatial learning and memory abilities caused by corazol in pups [3,4].β-asarone can enhance the expression of Bel-x gene in rat cerebral cortical neurons, thus inhibiting the apoptosis of rat nerve cells, and inhibiting the activity of brain wave in normal after ischemia and reperfusion injury animal. The impact on the brain tissue gene expression in BALBC mouse suggests that it can affect multiple target genes in brain tissue: up-regulate the expression of genes related with ion channels, cell membrane material transformation, calcium-dependent protein kinase regulation, reducing apoptosis and other function- related genes; down-regulate the expression of genes related with excitatory amino acid metabolism in brain, chemotaxis of T lymphocytes, gene expression regulation, drug metabolism and other function- related genes [5-8]. The water extracts of gramineus can significantly prolong the mice jumping incubation period, reduce the number of errors, and improve the correct rate of the maze test in mice. Solution of the gramineus water extraction and alcohol precipitation can improve the learning and memory in AlCl3-induced dementia rats, through the maze of time shorten, the dense substance in the postsynaptic membrane of hippocampal CA3 region  thickening, the neurons pathological change get a certain extent recovery [9]. The fried agent, volatile oil, β-asarone, α-asarone of gramineus have role in promoting normal learning in mice, and have different levels of improvement on a variety of memory dysfunction models in mice [10]. In addition, the gramineus water decoction can mitigate and reverse the damage of oxygen free radicals, enhance learning and memory, and prevent brain atrophy in D-galactose induced acute aging and dementia mice model [11]. Gavage gramineus water extraction and alcohol precipitation liquid can promote learning and memory in normal mice; can significantly improve the scopolamine-induced obstacle memory in mice, nitrite-induced memory consolidation obstacle and ethanol-induced memory reproduction; also can significantly improve the hypoxic state caused by sodium nitrite, potassium chloride and ligation of bilateral carotid artery in mouse [12,13].  After gavaging 4.28g/kg 5 to 9 days to rats, conditioned response and unconditioned response times are increased; the concentration of Coenzyme I (NAD+) in diencephalon, and the concentration of NAD+ and NADH+ in the hippocampus, caudate nucleus and brain stem are also increased [14], indicating that the strengthening and Puzzle role of gramineus may be associated with the regional metabolic rate of ancient brain structure such as diencephalon.

(2) Anticonvulsant effect: After 30 minutes orally injection 10mg/kg of 33% gramineus suspension, the pentylenetetrazol convulsions rate of mice dropped from 93% to 60%, while independent activities and the number of mice convulsions were reduced, convulsions start time was delayed [15]. The water decoction can also antagonist with pentylenetetrazol convulsions in mice [16,17]. 90~150mg/kg α-asarone can antagonist with pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions and intracerebroventricular injection of acetylcholine-induced emergency attack [18], gramineus can also synergistic thiopental, reduce spontaneous activity and fight against amphetamine excitement, and can enhance the pain threshold of hot plate and writhing in mouse [19]. Rabbits intravenous injection of 50mg/kg trans-4-allyl Veratryl ether can disappear righting reflex, pain reflex and listen reflex [20]. α-asarone has central inhibitory effect in mice, rats and monkeys [21-23], and can fight against pentylenetetrazole and electroconvulsive shock induced convulsions [24]. Apart from a certain synergy with pentobarbital, no other central stable roles are observed [25,26]. 

(3) Stasis effect: Gramineus volatile oil can significantly shorten the mice sleep duration; alcohol extracts and volatile oil can synergy with the spinal cord exciting function of strychnine; water extract and alcohol extract can synergy with the central nervous system exciting function of bitter poison, thus increasing the convulsions number and mortality [27]. Gramineus water extract and alcohol precipitation and water extracts allow the mouse tail suspension disappointed time and the rat forced swimming immobility time significantly shortened and show a dose-dependent feature [28]. Gramineus water extraction and alcohol precipitation 10g/kg in mice can increase the number of head twitch response, the saikosaponin can strengthen the head twitch response increasing function of gramineus water extraction and alcohol precipitation solution in mice [29].

(4) Sedative effect: Gramineus water decoction of 10g/kg and oil-free water decoction of 5 ~ 30g/kg under the intraperitoneal injection can significantly reduce spontaneous activity, which has a significant synergy with the subliminal hypnotic dose of sodium pentobarbital [16,17]. Its volatile oil 0.05ml/kg can show a strong hypnotic effect [30].

2 The impact on cardiovascular system: Gramineus has a slight trend in elevating plasma fibrinogen levels, and can reduce blood viscosity [31], dimerization asarone in the volatile oil has significant lipid-lowering effects, α-Asarum ether can also significantly inhibit the synthesis and secretion of lipids [32,33]. Aqueous solution and volatile oil of ethanol extract can inhibit heart, reduce the contraction frequency and amplitude of the frog heart, the role of β-asarone is strong and durable [34]. Intraperitoneal injection of 5% volatile oil 3ml/kg has a therapeutic effect on heart rate disorders induced by aconitine in rats; it can also fight against adrenaline and barium chloride-induced rabbit cardiac arrhythmia, as well as slow down the heart rate [35]. Gramineus volatile oil and β-asarone can significantly reduce the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in atherosclerosis rat, improve hemorheology in hyperviscosity rats, reduce the hormone levels in a myocardial ischemia rat model, increase nitric oxide levels, reduce myocardial tissue injury and necrosis, and have a significant protective effect on cardiovascular [36]. 

3 The impact on respiratory system: α-asarone, β-asarone and Gramineus total volatile oil can extend the incubation period of asthma attack and fall in the guinea pig model; can antagonize with histamine and acetylcholine-induced guinea pig tracheal contraction, relax the tracheal smooth muscle of guinea pig [37]. α-asarone can play the role of expectorant cough by the enhancement of ciliary movement in the trachea of pigeons and rabbit, and show a dose-effect relationship [38].β-asarone can increase the excretion of phenol red, extend the incubation period of asthma attack and fall in the histidine (His) and acetylcholine (Ach) induced asthma model; antagonize with His and Ach-induced in vitro bronchial smooth muscle spasm; inhibit mast cell degranulation caused by ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminum hydroxide, and increase the index of immune organs [39].

4 The impact on digestive system: Water extract of gramineus can inhibit the peak power amplitude rate of stomach and duodenum, and the amplitude and duodenum peak electricity incidence of duodenum [40]. Its fried agent, total volatile oil, α-asarone, β-asarone can inhibit the spontaneous contractions of isolated rabbit intestine, antagonize with the intestinal spasm caused by Ach, histamine phosphate and barium chloride, enhance carrier intestinal motility in rats and intestinal propulsion in mice, and also promote bile secretion in rats, in which total volatile oil has the strongest effect and fried has the weakest agent [41]. Gramineus can increase the average amplitude of gastric antral circular muscle contraction and the motility index of pyloric circular muscle, and has an excitatory effect on in vitro rat gastric antrum and pyloric circular muscle [42].

5 Anti-cancer and carcinogenic effect: Gramineus volatile oil has significant inhibitory effect on liver cancer in mice and mouse sarcoma S180, and the efficacy is very stable [43].α-asarone,β-asarone have inhibitory and killing capacity on human cervical cells Hela strain, lung metastases of cancer P6 strains and human gastric cancer SGC-7901 strains, of 20% the gramineus decoction in vitro can kill mouse ascites tumor cells [44]. α-asarone is positive mutagen, Ames test shows thatα-asarone can cause a direct mutagenic effect of AT98, but the activation experiment of AT98 shows negative results, suggesting thatα-asarone through liver microsomal enzymes has the role of detoxification [45]. 
6 Antispasmodic effect: Of 40μg/ml Theα-asarone can completely fight against the acetylcholine-induced guinea pig tracheal and advocacy smooth muscle contraction, the minimum effective concentration against histamine and serotonin-5 is 10μg/ml [25]. 

7 Other: Gramineus volatile oil in mice has a stronger cooling effect; its water decoction has varying degrees inhibitory effect on more than 10 fungi such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Candida albicans, black dermatophytes. Intravenous injection of α-asarone 40mg/kg could significantly reduce the serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic mice [45]. Gramineus has a significant impact on compound action potential of neural stem and can block the conduction of sciatic nerve [46]. Gramineus  water decoction can significantly increase mice OVA antibody [47]. Gramineus water decoction of 2.5g/kg, 5g/kg 7.5g/kg have different degrees of inhibitory effects on morphine withdrawal symptoms, the role of 5g/kg dose group is most prominent [48].α-Asarone can fight against the vasopressin contractions of posterior pituitary [49]. 1:2 gramineus decoction in vitro can kill roundworm, the paralysis and lethal effect on ascaris are stronger [50]. In vitro, high concentrations of leaching solution can inhibit common pathogenic fungi [51,52], decoction in vitro can kill ascites tumor cells [53].

化学成分：

[1] Tao Hong, Zhu Enyuan, Wang Zhengtao. The stone calamus chemical components. Chinese Journal of natural medicine, 2006,4 ( 2): 159

[2] Du Yi, Chen Ruijun, Zhao Lirong, et al. The stone calamus chemical and pharmacological research progress. Shanxi doctor of traditional Chinese medicine, 2000,16 ( 1): 53

[3] Dong Yu, Shi Bing Ren, Sun Yubo. The stone calamus amino acid composition analysis. Journal of Inner Mongolia University ( NATURAL SCIENCE EDITION ), 2007,38 ( 3): 296

药理作用：

[1] Ke Xuemei, Fang Yong. Volatile oil of Acorus tatarinowii Schott on cerebral ischemia - reperfusion brain effects of amino acids. Chinese Journal of Gerontology, 2003,23 ( 5): 302

[2] Tang Hongmei, Dr. Rong, Deng Yuqun of volatile oil of Acorus gramineus and water soluble components on epilepsy in mice brain tissue SOD, LPO, NO influence. China pharmacist, 2005,8 ( 12): 983

[3] Yang Libin, Li Shulei, Huang Yanzhi, et al. The stone calamus and its effective component α - asarone on epileptic rat brain hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in Chinese herbal medicine, 2006,37 ( 8): 1196

[4] Yang Libin, Li Shulei, Huang Yanzhi, et al. The stone calamus and its effective component α - asarone on epileptic rats motor behavior and memory function of .2005,36 ( 7): 1035

[5] Fang Yongqi, Wu Qiduan, Kamasatada Iku, et al. The stone calamus on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury of neural cell apoptosis. Modern Journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine, 2002,11 ( 17): 1647

[6] Li Ling, Wu Qiduan, Yan Yan wrinkle, etc. The stone calamus series extract on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats . Effect of Journal of traditional Chinese medicine, 2003,12 ( 1): 55

[7] Fang Yongqi, Li Ling, Wu Qiduan.β- asarone on mouse brain gene expression profile. Chinese herbal medicine, 2003,26 ( 9): 650

[8] Zhang Xinyue, Zheng Gao Yan, life, and so on. The stone calamus puzzle and anticonvulsant action research. Journal of Zhejiang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999,23 ( 2): 46

[9] Jing Yuhong, Feng Shenyuan, Tang Xiaoqin. The stone calamus on learning and memory and its synaptic mechanism. Chinese Journal of evidence-based medicine, 2002, 8 ( 6): 38

[10] Hu Kam, Gu keys, Wang Zhiwang, et al. The stone calamus and its effective components on learning and memory in experimental research. Chinese herbal medicine, 1999,22 ( 11): 584

[11] Jiang Wenyue, Yang Yu, Li Yanyan. Sputum drug Banxia, melon, Fritillaria thunbergii, Ishi Ka on Hemorheology of rats. Journal of TCM, 2002,43 ( 3): 215

[12] Zhou Daxing, Li Changyu. The stone calamus facilitation of learning and memory in mice. Chinese herbal medicine, 1992,23 ( 8): 417

[13] Zhou Daxing, Li Changyu, Zhang Wenlong, et al. The stone calamus promotes learning and memory in mice and increasing hypoxia-resistant ability. Modern Applied Pharmacy, 1993,10 ( 4): 4

[14] Zheng Xiuhua, Shen Zheng, Ishi Ka. Study on shuttle behavior and brain regional effects of metabolic rate. Journal of Liaoning Medical University, 1991,12 ( 5): 288

[15] Chen Jianjia. The stone calamus epilepsy treatment curative effect observation. Jiangsu medical journal, 1977,58 ( 1): 62

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[27] Fang Yongqi, Wu Qiduan, Wang Lixin, et al. The stone calamus on central nervous system excitation - Study on the sedation. Guangxi Journal of traditional Chinese medicine, 2001,24 ( 1): 49

[28] Li Mingya, Li Juan, Ji Ningdong, and so on. Several crude extracts of Rhizoma Acori antidepressant effects. Journal of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 2004,20 ( 2): 141

[29] Ji Ningdong, Li Juan, Li Mingya, et al. Of Acorus tatarinowii Schott antidepressant effect and effect of saikosaponin . Journal of Nanjing Medical University ( NATURAL SCIENCE EDITION ), 2006,26 ( 12): 1203

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[31] Zheng Liangpu, fan court school, Bayashi Kumo, et al. Polygala, ACROUSTATRINOWIISCHOTT Decoction on D- galactose induced aging effect of traditional Chinese medicine. Fujian, 2002,33 ( 4): 35

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[33] Yuan Yisheng, Wang Chengwei, Zhou Xiaoying, et al. The stone calamus effective lipid-lowering components of Chinese herbal medicine, 1982,13 ( 9): 387

[34] Zhou Xiaoyuan, Li Rui. Research status of medicinal flag . Shandong medical journal, 1994,18 ( 4): 270

[35] Shen Jun, Choanagi Hide, Zhang Dan. Of volatile oil of Acorus tatarinowii Schott arrhythmia in experimental research. Guangzhou medical journal, 1993,24 ( 3): 44

[36] Wu Qiduan, Fang Yong, Chen Yizhi, et al. Of volatile oil of Acorus gramineus and β- asarone on cardiovascular protective effect of traditional Chinese drug research and clinical pharmacology, 2005,16 ( 4): 244

[37] Li Ling, Zou Yanyan, Shi Chen, and so on.β,α - asarone and volatile oil of Acorus tatarinowii Schott on bronchial asthma efficacy contrast observation. Lishizhen medicine and Materia Medica Research, 2006,17 ( 11): 2137

[38] Yang Fan, Lu Yi, Montz Qing, et al.α - asarone on tracheal cilia motility. Journal of Guangxi Medical University, 1999,16 ( 2): 173

[39] Xu Jianmin of volatile oil of Acorus tatarinowii Schottβ- asarone on bronchial asthma. Journal of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 2007,24 ( 2): 152

[40] Qin Xiaomin, Xu Jingdong, Qiu Xiaoqing, et al. The stone calamus on rat gastrointestinal myoelectric action research. Journal of traditional Chinese medicine, 1998,23 ( 2): 107

[41] Hu Jinguan, Gu Jian, Wang Zhiwang. The stone calamus and its effective components on the role of the digestive system. Pharmacology and clinic of Chinese traditional medicine, 1999,15 ( 2): 16

[42] Li Wei, Zheng Zhen, Zhang Yingfu, et al. Acorus calamus and Shi Changpu on rat isolated gastric muscle strips in effect comparison. Journal of Gansu College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2000,17 ( 4): 7

[43] Du Yi, Zhou extraordinary. The stone calamus utility and modern research. Journal of traditional Chinese medicine, 1993,18 ( 4): 244

[44] Chen Li. The stone calamus pharmacological experimental research. Journal of Guangzhou Medical College, 2002,30 ( 4): 1

[45] Liu Xinmin. The stone calamus in Chinese medicine research, 1992, ( 4): 57

[46] Rao Fang, D J, Zheng Xiaowei. The stone calamus on toad sciatic nerve block. Chinese journal western medicine, 2005,3 ( 4): 346

[47] Li Yanju, Liu Hui, Guo Yueqiu. The stone calamus on mouse immune function regulation effect of Chinese medicine science and technology, 2007,14 ( 2): 95

[48] Liu Xiuping, Wang Yalong, Zhang Hongxin, et al. ACROUSTATRINOWIISCHOTT Decoction on morphine withdrawal symptoms in rats and the therapeutic effect. Chinese Journal of pain medicine, 2007,13 ( 3): 164

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临床试验：

[1] He Zhijun calamus Gegen Decoction Treating 36 cases of coronary heart disease . Hunan medical journal, 200824 ( 2) : 63～ 64

[2] Liu Guiyun, Ren et al. The stone calamus decoction treating ringworm of hand washing. Traditional Chinese medicine journal, 19987 ( 3) 44

[3] Chen Jianjia. The stone calamus treating epilepsy disease curative effect observation. Jiangsu medical journal, 1977 ( 3) : 32～ 33

[4] Xu Changxian. The stone calamus Decoction in treating 39 cases of vertigo. Sichuan Traditional Chinese medicine, 199715 ( 12) 30

[5] Prevention and treatment of pulmonary heart disease in East China pharmaceutical research collaborative group Jin Weiyue finishing. The stone calamus injection in the treatment of 279 cases of pulmonary encephalopathy clinical observation of preliminary summary. Chinese medicine research, 1982, ( 10): 23

[6] Zhang Suzhen, Liu Cuie, Wang Guirong. New vascular disconnection in the joint of Acorus liquid in treatment of herpes simplex keratitis associated with stromal neovascularization. Chinese Journal of Optometry Ophthalmology, 20035 ( 3) 186

[7] Wang Fengming calamus Decoction in the treatment of throat inflammation in 60 cases. Chinese folk medicine, 2002, 10 ( 8): 61

[8] Fan Yinliang calamus Tongqiao powder in treating chronic rhinitis. Shanxi doctor of traditional Chinese medicine, 2004, 20 ( 2) 3

[9] Tao Kai. Calamus fog combined agent in the treatment of chronic respiratory failure decompensated clinical research. Journal of traditional Chinese medicine, 1996, 37 ( 3): 161

毒理学：

[1] Ke Xuemei, Fang Yong. Volatile oil of Acorus tatarinowii Schott on cerebral ischemia - reperfusion brain effects of amino acids. Chinese Journal of Gerontology, 2003,23 ( 5): 302

[2] Tang Hongmei, Dr. Rong, Deng Yuqun of volatile oil of Acorus gramineus and water soluble components on epilepsy in mice brain tissue SOD, LPO, NO influence. China pharmacist, 2005,8 ( 12): 983

[3] Yang Libin, Li Shulei, Huang Yanzhi, et al. The stone calamus and its effective component α - asarone on epileptic rat brain hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in Chinese herbal medicine, 2006,37 ( 8): 1196

[4] Xue Chengyi, Zhao Hanlin, Zhao Shizheng. The stone calamus antiepileptic activity constituents. Chinese Journal of hospital pharmacy, 1983,3 ( 8): 341

[5] Yang Yongnian, Yin Changshuo, Xiao hang, etc. The stone calamus mainly component α - asarone mutation research. Journal of Nanjing Medical College, 1986,6 ( 1): 11

[6]Jin Zhongchu. The stone calamus monomerα 2 asarone mutagenesis and in vitro metabolic pathway research. Journal of Zhejiang Medical University, 1982,11 ( 1):1