1 Antibacterial and antiviral activity: Chrysanthemum decoction has antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus antibacterial in vitro [1]. Chrysanthemum water extracts has antibacterial effect on the Violaceum Trichophyton, Concentric Trichophyton, Xu Lan Huang mentagrophytes, Audubon Ang Bacillus dermatophytes, Rusty Bacillus dermatophytes, Wool-like spore ringworm, Groin epidermis dermatophytesred skin dermatophytes, Red epidermis dermatophytes, Star slave card bacteria [2]. The volatile oil is the material basis of antibacterial effect of chrysanthemum, which camphor, borneol is the main component of its antibacterial activity [9]. Chrysanthemums of different origin have a certain degree of inhibitory effect on the Proteus bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, white Portuguese, B streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and exhibit the most obvious inhibitory effect on Proteus bacteria. Chrysanthemums also has anti-HIV effect [8], 8 kinds Chrysanthemums flavonoids can inhibit the replication of HIV acute infection of H9 cells, acacetin-7-O-β-D-galactosidase is the new active ingredients for anti-HIV activity, which with a very low toxicity [10]. The glucose anhydride of flavonoids-apigenin-7-O-beta-D-(4-caffeoyl)-gluconic acid glycosides derived from chrysanthemums has strong anti-HIV activity [11]. Baicalein has inhibitory effects on a variety of Gram stain-positive bacteria, Gram stain-negative bacteria and spirochetes, etc [12]. Besides, baicalein has anti-HIV activity, and can induce the apoptosis of HIV-infected cells [13].

2 Anti-tumor activity: Apigenin has attractive role in stopping human leukemia HL-60 cell cycle at G2 / M phase, thus inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells [14]. Acacetin significantly inhibit DNA synthesis in ascites hepatoma and S180 cancer cells, and the inhibition mechanism maybe the damage of DNA template [15]. Quercetin has cytotoxicity on various cancer cells [16]. Quercetin has anticancer effects, it can effectively induce microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, epoxide hydrolase, carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzopyrene can be hydroxylated and hydrolysis, and further loss of carcinogenic activity, thus playing anti-cancer effect [17,18].

3 Antioxidant and anti-aging activity: Quercetin [17] is an effective free radical scavenger and antioxidant. By enhancing the antioxidant capacity of overall and partial gastric mucosal, Quercetin [19] plays gastric mucosal protective effect. Chrysanthemum water extract can significantly inhibit D-galactose induced lipid peroxidation, reduce the blood malondialdehyde (MDA), monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity; improve the activity of blood SOD, GSH-PX; enhance body's free radical scavenging function, delay aging process, improve the body condition, and has strengthening, restoring and anti-senility activity. These results indicate that the role of the chrysanthemum in anti-aging aspects may be related to the remove of free radicals [22]. Flavonoids (0.10%, 0.20%, 0.40%) can significantly inhibit the oxidation of lard, and the antioxidant capacity enhance with the increase of mass fraction. The polyphenol structure of flavonoids is able to provide active proton into a more stable product by combining with the free radicals generated by lipid oxidation, thereby blocking the fat auto-oxidation process [23]. When intragastrically chrysanthemum water extract 2g/kg.day,4g/kg.day to mice, the content of MDA of LPO reaction in its heart and brain tissue were significantly lower than normal levels. That indicates chrysanthemums water extracts inhibit free radical formation and the LPO reaction induced by free radical[24]. Total flavonoids extract of the flower and leaf of chrysanthemum have certain anti-aging effects [25].

4 Effects on the cardiovascular system: Chrysanthemum water cooked alcohol precipitation preparation, leads to a significant expansion on coronary artery of an isolated rabbit heart and increases coronary flow. 1g crude drug injected at constant pressure in the perfusate allows 2min coronary flow increased by approximately 62%, while the average heart rate slows down about 20%. Higher dose of the reign of dog heart can also lead to an average increase of about 40% of the coronary blood flow, myocardial oxygen consumption increased by an average of 27%. It can also relieve the ischemic ECG ST-segment depression in the rabbit central nervous system caused by the electrical stimulation. The rabbit isolated heart of experimental coronary artery disease, can also increase coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption [3]. Chrysanthemum morifolium phenolic parts can increase the coronary flow of guinea pig isolated heart, and improve the decompression hypoxia tolerance of mice[4]. Chrysanthemum morifolium flavonoid compounds have good anti-free radicals and antioxidant capacity can significantly increase coronary flow, against aconitine and chloroform-induced arrhythmias, antagonize Ca2+ influx, thereby improving myocardial cell contractility, relaxing vascular and lowering blood pressure [20]. Chrysanthemum water cooked alcohol precipitation agents can increase the coronary blood flow in isolated rabbit heart and dog heart, improve ischemic ECG ST-segment depression status caused by electrical stimulation in the rabbit central nervous. It can also increase the coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption in the isolated heart of experimental coronary artery atherosclerosis in rabbits[21]. Total flavonoids extracted from chrysanthemum flowers and leaves and stems against isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia ECG T-wave elevation and ST-segment abnormalities offset, reduce serum LDH, increase the activity of myocardial tissue SOD and reduce the formation of MDA [26].

5 Anticoagulant activity: Quercetin disulfate disodium can strongly inhibit thrombin-induced pig platelet actin aggregation, IC50 can reach 30μmol / L, due to platelet playing an important role in thrombosis and hemostasis and other physiological and pathological processes [27].

6 Anti-inflammatory activity: Daisy fried enema can inhibit the expression of platelet alpha-granule membrane glycoprotein (CD62P), lysosomal membrane glycoprotein (CD63) and platelet membrane glycoprotein (CD41a), and have a good effect on ulcerative colitis [28]. 27 kinds of three mushrooms compounds with anti-inflammatory effects can be isolated from chrysanthemum, three mushroom compounds, which has a trypsin or chymotrypsin inhibitory activity of , with the structural characteristics of a hydroxyl group and an appropriate side chain  at the  3-OH of remote molecule, 3-OH fatty acids cool technology significantly affect the role of protease inhibitors [29].

7 Other: Orally injecting daisy water decoction to rats, after three weeks,the activity of hepatic microsomal HMG coenzyme A reductase was inhibited, and the hepatic microsomal cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase was activated [5]. Chrysanthemum powder dubbed the 10% aqueous solution was gavage 20m1/kg to rabbit can shorten the clotting time, and baked into charcoal medicine was more effective than the crude drug [6].Chrysanthemum agents can inhibit the increase in local capillary permeability caused by the intradermal injection of histamine, the effectiveness of 10mg is corresponding to Rutin 2.5mg [7]. Chrysanthemum extract can significantly inhibit rat liver cytochrome P450, and has certain subfamily selectivity [30]. The apigenin in chrysanthemum has a sedative, calming, neuron protective, antidepressant, anticonvulsant and cognitive protective effect [31]. 

1.Migraine: 32 cases received “Dan Wei Ju Hua Yin”(soaked Chrysanthemi Flos 20g in hot water 1000ml ) by oral, 3 times per day or instead of tea drinking all the year round, 2 months for 1 course. Results: 23 cases cured, 9 cases effected^[1].

2.Ulcerative Colitis: 32cases in the treamtment group recived “JuHua Decoction”(Chrysanthemi Flos 100g decoted with water into 100mL) by retention enema, once every night. 31 cases in the control group received Hydrocortisone by retention enema, 100mg per time, once every night. Results: In the treamtment group, the total efficiency rate was 74%~79%, In the control group, the total efficiency rate was 70%~96%. Efficacy of the two groups were similar, but compare to the control group, the treamtment group had no side effects and lower recurrence rate ^[2].

1.Knee pain

2.Nebula caused by disease

3.Headache due to invasion of wind-heat

4.Wind-warm syndrome with cough, low fever and thirst

5.Reddish eyes and vertigo, blurred vision and puffy face due to toxin-heat going upward

6.Eyes problems with dim sighted

7.Liver and kidney deficiency with deficiency fire flaring up causes reddish and swollen eyes with pain and clouded vision, lacrimation induced by wind, photophobia, vertigo and night sweating, tidal fever and weak feet

8.Blurred vision due to deficiency of liver and kidney

Chemical composition:

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[2] BAI Xin-xiang, HU Ke, DAI Si-lan, etal. Components of flower pigments in the petals of different color Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.cultivars. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2006,28(5):84.

[3] Li Zong,Chen Zaimin. Determination Chlorogenic Acid in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.Flower. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 1999,24(6):329.

[4]Liyongxia. Hubei production of different varieties of chrysanthemum of the chlorogenic acid content determination. Hubei Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2006,28(2):48.

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[6] ZHOU Hai-mei, XIE Pei-shan, WANG Wan-hui, etal. Analysis of volatile components from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium by GC-MS with solid-phase microextraction. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2005,30(13):986.

[7] GUO Qiao-sheng, WANG Ya-jun, YANG Xiu-wei, etal. Characterization of chemical components of essential oil from cupitulum of Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivated in Tongxiang city. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2008,33(6):624.

[8]Dongjianhong, Liuruizhi, Heping, etal. Chemical Constituents from Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Modern Journal of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, 2007,16(3):375.

[9]Zhangjian, Qiandawei, Liyoubin, etal. Chemical Constituents from Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Natural Product Research and Development, 2006,18(1):71,91.

[10] WANG Ya-jun, YANG Xiu-wei, GUO Qiao-sheng, etal. Studies on chemical constituents in Huangjuhua(flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium). China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2008,33(5):526.

[11]Wangqinlan, Linhuibin, Zhangsuqin. Comparative study on the content of amino acid in different Chrysanthemum. Chinese Journal of Traditional Medical Science and Technology, 2005,12(4):249.

[12]Jiexinming, Houxia. Analysis of Trace and Macro Elements in Chrysanthemum. TRACE ELEMENTS SCIENCE, 1997,4(6):62.

Pharmacological effects:

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[2]Caorenlie, etal. Chinese Journal of Department of Dermatology. 1957,(4):286.

[3] Zhejiang Medical University Department of Physiology. Chrysanthemum preparation on coronary effect experimental study. Journal of new medicine, 1979,(2):124.

[4]Yangxueyun, Sunlifu, Xiyumei, etal. Traditional Chinese medicine chrysanthemum phenolic part of the pharmacological action. Journal of Zhejiang Medical University, 1989,18(6):282.

[5] WangShu-li, LiYong-de, Zhao Qin, etal. INFLUENCE OF 15 TRADITIONAL CHINESE DRUGS INTAKE ORALLY ON CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN RAT. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1987,3(4):319.

[6] Shandong Province Institute of traditional Chinese medicine pharmacological group. Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1965,11(12):562.

[7]Fangzhushen. Medical journal Central, 1965,( 206): 640.

[8]Hu CQ,ChenK,ShiQ.Anti-aids agents,acacetin-7-O-β-D-galactopyranoside,an anti-HIVprinciple from chrysanthemummorifolium and A structure-activity correlationwith some related flavonoids.Journal ofNaturalProducts,1994,57(1):42.

[9]AlvarezCastellanosPP,BishopCD,PascualVillalobosMJ.Antifungalactivity of the essentialoilofflowerheads of garland Chrysanthemum（Chrysanthemumcoronarium）against agriculturalpathogens.Phytochemistry,2001,57(7): 99.

[10]Liyingxia, Wangxiaomei, Pengguangfang. Origin of different chrysanthemum volatile oil is antibacterial effect. Journal of Shaanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1997,20(3):44.

[11]LeeJS,KimH J.A new anti-HIV flavoniodglucuronide from Chryanthemummorifolium.LettPlantaMed,2003, 69:859.

[12]ShiY,ShiRB,LiuB,etal.Studies on antiviral flavonoidesy inyinqiaosanpowder.China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica,2001,26(5):320.

[13]WuJA,AatteleAS,ZhangLeta.l Anti-HIV activity of medicin herbs usage and potentialdevelopment.Am. J. Chin. Med,2001,29(1):69.

[14]HuangHY,ZhaXL.Developmentin research of antitumor effect of flavones compounds.ChinJNewClinRem,2002,21(7):428.

[15]Lijunshan, Caishaoqing. Snow Lotuses chemical and pharmacological research progress. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 1998,8(8):312.

[16]Xiangguangya, Yangyu, Ruanjinlan, etal. Studies of cytotoxic effect and antitumor effect by Hypericum chinense. The Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice, 2001,19(1):16.

[17]KuoSM,LeavittPS,Lin C P.Dietaryflavonoids interact with trace metals and affect metallothionein level in humanintestinal cells.Bio.l Trace Elem. Res.,1998,62(3):135.

[18]BrownsonDM,AziosNG,FuquaB K,etal.Flavonoid effects relevant to cancer.Nutr.,2002,132(11 Suppl):3482.

[19] ZHAO WeiZhong, WANG YuLing, CHEN ZhiWu, etal. Study of the protective mechanism of rutoside on the gastric mucosal injury induced by stress. CHINESE PHARMACOLOGICAL BULLETIN, 1998,14(1):66.

[20]Huabo, Lvguiyuan, Zhangyuan. Chrysanthemum flavonoid cardiovascular pharmacology experimental research progress. Chinese Journal of Practical Medicine, 2006,19(15)1868.

[21]songliren. Dictionary of modern Chinese Materia Medica. Beijing: People's Health Publishing House, 2001:1858.

[22]linjiumao, zhuangxiuhua,wangruiguo. Chrysanthemum on the D- galactose aging antioxidant effect experimental study. Fujian Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2002,33(5):44.

[23]kongqi,wuchun. Study on the chrysanthemum flavonoid extraction and antioxidant activity . Chinese Herbal Medicines, 2004,35(9):1001.

[24]wangtao, jianghuidi, jiyanping, etal. Anti-oxidation Effect of Water Extract of Flos Chrysanthem on Heart and Brain in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials, 2001,24(2):122.

[25] pengyunru, qiandawei, zhangjian, etal. Chrysanthemum extract on mice model of subacute aging model effects. Jiangsu Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2006,27(8):59.

[26] PENG Yun-ru,SHI Lei,LUO Yu-hui, Protective Effect of Total Flavones from Chrysanthemum on Isoprenaline-induced Myocardial Ischemia in Rats. LiShiZhen Medicine and Materia Medica Research, 2006,17(7):1131.

[27]SongZhJ,LiuW,LiangNC,etal.Effect of disodium quercetindisulfate on the formation ofaction pig platelet induced by thrombin.Chinese Traditional andHerbalDrugs,1997,28(8):477.

[28]liutongting, zhaoliqun, sunziqin, etal. Daisy fried enema on ulcerative colitis platelet membrane glycoprotein effect. Chinese Journal of basic medicine in traditional Chinese, 2000,6(2):44.

[29]Rajic A. Foreign Medical Sciences. 2002, 24(4):221.

[30] HOU Pei-ling,QIAO Jin-Ping,ZHANG Rui-ping,et al. Effects of The Extract of Fios Chrysanthemi on Hepatic Microsomal Cytochrome P450 System. Acta Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology, 2003,31(3):47.

[31]liuchan. Apigenin on central nerve function research progress. Foreign Medical Sciences, neurology department of Neurosurgery, 2005,32(3):264.