This crude drug is the dried root tuber of Curcuma wenyujin Y．H．chen et C．ling, C. longa L., C. kwangsiensis S．G．Lee et C．F．Liang or C. phaeocaulis Val. (family: Zingiberaceae).

This species is distributed in Zhejiang, Sichuan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Fujian, Taiwan and Jiangxi in China.

When the  subterranean parts are dug out, the fibrous roots and rootstalks are removed from the root tubers. The root tubers are cleaned, cooked by size in boiling water until the core is cooked; then they are taken out and dried in the sun.

1. Impact on the immune function: 7 days in a row, intraperitoneal injection of 1.5mL turmeric-1 to male mice everyday every day can significantly inhibit the hemolysin produce, significantly affect the formation of hemolytic plaque cells(PFC), and the hemolysin reduction in amount is consistent with the reduction of the PFC. The lymphocyte transformation was tested by the method of 3h-TdR incorporation and the consequence showed that Turmeric-1 injection could inhibit the in vitro transformation of mouse spleen lymphocytes. The strongest inhibition occured at the concentration of 1:20 and the drug kept effect even rose the concentration up to 1:60 [1]. Turmeric volatile oil can significantly inhibit the mice immune function of the carbon tetrachloride-induced toxic hepatitis. Humoral  immune of toxic hepatitis mice was stimulated, hemolysin content was significantly higher than normal mice, and the PFC also increased accordingly. Turmeric volatile oil preparations was used for treatment of toxic hepatitis mice, hemolysin was significantly lower, so were the spleen PFC cells. Prove that turmeric volatile oil can inhibit the antibody-producing cells and inhibit the generation of specific antibody and has great significance to alleviate the injury of the intrahepatic immune response [2]. Flooding alcohol extract of turmeric has good inhibitory effect on experimental allergic guinea pig encephalomyelitis model (Immune inflammation model) and can significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality of guinea pig [3].

2. The impact of higher nervous activity of the central nervous system: Turmeric dione ( curdione ) is one of the main active ingredients. Turmeric dione-1: injection of type 1 (made of 1g fresh turmeric and 1mL turmeric dione) and intraperitoneal injection (1mL/kg) can significantly extend the preparation sleep period of the domestic cat, slow wave sleep Ⅰ(SWSⅠ), slow wave sleep Ⅱ(SWSII) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM) included, especially for SWSII and REM sleep. And the effect is significantly better than traditional sedative medicine "cinnabar sedative pills", that turmeric dione has obvious inhibitory effect on central nervous [4]. Another experiment showed that the turmeric dione could significantly inhibit the in vitro hippocampal slice CA1 pyramidal cell populations evoked field potentials [5]. In addition, While in the observation of the effects of turmeric for depression in mice, taking forced swimming test, tail suspension test and antagonistic reserpine to induce depression experiment. The consequence showed that all the high, medium and low turmeric dose group could shorten forced swimming, tail suspension and antagonistic reserpine induced mice temperature reduction. The high and medium turmeric dose group could inhibit reserpine-induced mice movement disorders and the high turmeric dose group could inhibit reserpine induced eyes ptosis in mice, that turmeric has effect on forced swimming , tail suspension and antagonistic reserpine induced depression and closely related to the dosage [6].

3. Protective effect on myocardial injury: Made myocardial injury model in rat with large doses of vitamin D3 could observe that after the myocardial injury, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) reduced, the content of lipid peroxides (LPO) significantly improved and differences are very significant. The electron microscope can see the serious damage of the ultrastructure of the model and after turmeric oil treatment, the activity of SOD and GSH-Px improved, LPO level decreased and the Ultrastructure close to normal, that turmeric oil can effectively prevent the damage of free radicals on myocardial [7].

4. Hepatoprotective: Type 1 injection of turmeric could lower serum alanine aminotransferase of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) poisoning rats and increase the content of serum total protein and albumin[8]. 7 days in a row, intraperitoneal injection of 20mL/kg type 1 injection of turmeric could increase the content of liver microsomal cytochrome P450 in normal mice and CCl4 poisoning mice, significantly increase the content of reduced liver glutamine. And with a inhibitory rate of 48.5%, it also could markedly inhibit cysteine and ferrous sulfate promoted peroxidation of liver homogenate lipid in mice. Through provoking liver microsomal cytochrome P450, this injection could improve liver biotransformation function of livertaxis poison to hoist liver detoxification function and confront or mitigate the damaging effects of the poison on the liver in a certain extent. Lipid peroxidation is one of the main biochemical function of liver toxicity damage, while turmeric can inhibit this process. After treatment, the content of reduced glutathione in liver markedly improved. And not only enhanced liver anti-lipid peroxidation, but also accelerated attenuated or detoxification process of liver by hoisting the binding capacity of glutathione and toxicology in liver biotransformation reactions, and played the role in protecting liver from toxic damage. In addition, turmeric can also inhibit CCl4 induced acute liver injury in mice[10].

5. Anti-progesterone: No matter subcutaneous injection or intraperitoneal injection (5-20g/kg to mice and 8-10g/kg to rabbit) of aqueous solution of turmeric water decoction and decoction ethanol precipitate, can significantly stop the  early, mid-term and late pregnancy of mice and stop the early pregnancy of rabbit, but intragastric administration has no effect. Turmeric has anti-estrogenic activity and progesterone can obviously inhibit turmeric-induced early abortion of mice. Turmeric has apparent excitatory effect on not pregnant or pregnant mice and isolate rabbit uterus[11].

6. Effect on cAMP content of organ: Type 1 injection of turmeric (0.01mL volatile oil in 2mL, equivalent to 5g crude drug) can markedly increase cAMP content of heart, liver and spleen in mice, this may be related to the treatment of coronary heart disease, liver and spleen disease. And type 2 injection (20mg polysaccharide in 2mL) of turmeric can significantly improve the cAMP content of spleen[12].

7. Lowering blood pressure: Turmeric extracts can significantly lower serum lipid peroxidase of high cholesterol foods feeding rabbits, raise the level of α-tocopherol and coenzyme Q, that turmeric has the prevention of atherosclerosis[13].

8. Anti-cancer: Curcumin can inhibit in vitro hepatocellular carcinoma cells and significantly restrain the invasion of the liver adenocarcinoma cell CL125. Curcumin can inhibit the expression of some invasion related genes, including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP14), neurons binding molecules and integrin Alpha6 and Alpha4, and it also can lower the expression of MMP14 and the activity of MMP12 even even at the mRNA and protein level[14]. Turmeric extract can inhibit the growth of human gastric cancer cell SGC-7901 and its mechanism may be related to restrain the gastric cancer cells secrete IGF-Ⅰ and IGF-Ⅱ[15]. In addition , use Semi-quantitative reverse polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detecting the effect of turmeric extract on the mRNA expression of gastric cancer cell vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Found that turmeric extract can significantly inhibit the growth of gastric cancer cell, inhibitory rate increased with increasing drug concentration and existed obvious dose-effect relationship. Proved that turmeric extract inhibited the growth of human gastric cancer cell SGC-7901 and its mechanism of tumor suppression may be associated with lowered VEGF expression levels[16]. Turmeric extract liquid can markedly inhibit the growth of human gastric cancer xenografts in nude mice, lower the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in tumor foci and reduce microvascular density in tumor foci, maybe the mechanism is to restrain the expression of COX-2 in tumor tissue[17, 18]. Turmeric distillation extract can inhibit the expression of gastric mucosa PCNA in rat who drank MNNG, it may be one of the mechanism of reducing the incidence of gastric cancer and showing better gastric cancer chemoprevention capacity[19].

9. The role of the gastrointestinal tract: Turmeric water decoction can reduce average amplitude of phasic contraction in isolated rabbit oddi's sphincter[20]. In addition, set rabbit stomach muscle in thermostat perfused muscle tank and use biological skills experimental system to record smooth muscle contraction activity, find that turmeric significantly increase rabbit gastric fundus and gastric body longitudinal muscle tension, reduce the mean contractile amplitude of gastric body and show a dose-dependent relationship, demonstrate that turmeric can excite the contractile activity of stomach muscle strips and part of this excitement effect can be mediated by choline receptor M[21]. Different turmeric has different effect when used respectively, turmeric and curcuma phaevcaulis can inhibit mice gastric emptying[22].

10. Resistance to radiation: Turmeric extract can inhibit radiation-induced lipid peroxidation[23], maybe the mechanism is turmeric extract can significantly inhibit radiation-reduced antioxidant enzyme activity. But the activity of CuZn-SOD and Mn-SOD raised in damage group, maybe the reason was that radiation-induced free radical damaged the biofilm and then caused alteration of subcellular distribution in enzymes[24].

11. Others: turmeric flooding agent (concentration of 1:3) inhibits a variety of pathogenic fungi in vitro [25]. Sole curcumin treatment (100mg per day) for 14 days can extend the survival time of heart transplantation BUF-WF model rat from 9.1 days to 20.5-24.5 days. When combined with cyclosporine (CsA), the survival time could be extended to 28.5-35.6 days, better than single curcumin or CsA treatment, and first found curcumin has immunosuppressive effects. Overexpression of P glycoprotein (Pgp) in tumor cells can cause multidrug resistance  and produce cytotoxic[26]. Curcumin can regulate the expression and effec of PgP in the cervical tumor cell (KB-V1) multidrug resistance. Curcumin treatment can increase the sensitivity of KB-V1 to rose essence 123 and vinblastine, raise drug accumulation in cells and reduce the outflow[27]. Turmeric flooding ethanol extract has good inhibitory effect on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis of guinea pigs and can significantly reduced the guinea pig morbidity and mortality [28]. Turmeric have a protective effect of hypotonic hypoxia brain tissue of mice [29].

1.Hepatitis:(1) Yujin,Yinchen,Daqingye were made with 1:2:1 proportion to honeypill ,10 g per pill,1 pill per time,3 times per day,or that was extracted withboiling water to take, to treat Acute viral hepatitis in 1004 cases,and thecure rate was 89.5%^[1].(2) Yujin40g was extracted with boiling water to take,one time per night, Treatment of chronic hepatitis of  musk voiced abnormality in 32 cases,the cure rate was 91%^[2].(3)Wenyujin II injection ,one time per day,4ml per time,2 montha as one courseof  treatment, Treatment of 16 cases ofviral hepatitis , 8 cases of loss of appetite were improved, 4 cases of disgusted with fat food were disappear in symptoms,9 cases of  abdominal distension were relief,10 cases of lack of power were ease, 10 cases of liver area pain symptoms were eliminate,3 cases of dropsy  were extinction ^[3].(4) Yujin 60g,Yinchen 180g,Jinqiancao 90g,Gancao 15g,red sugar (Unlimitedamount) were extracted with boiling water to take,one agent per 5 days,3-5times per day,that impact sugar to drink. Treatment of 250 cases of Pediatric acute jaundicehepatitis, result: that were all cured,the cure rate wasl00 %, 50 cases were not recurrence in 3 years follow-up^[4].

2. Chronic cholecystitis: (1) Yujin12g,Jianghuang 12g,Muxiang 12g ,Yinchen 30g,Dahuang 3-6g, A total of 100 casesof the chronic cholecystitis were treated, 1 agent per day, take it 2 ~ 3 timesafter dinner. Results :for 3 days 77 cases were markedly effective,for  l weeks 94 cases were respectively,for 2weeks  99 cases  were respectively and 1 case was invalid^[5].(2)Yujin 10g,Jineijin 10g,Jinlingzi10g,Jinqiancao 20g,Matijin 15g were extracted with boiling water to take,onemonth as one course of treatment,for 2 courses, chronic cholecystitis was treatedwith that in 60 cases, result: 23 cases were powerfully, 27 cases were effectiveand 10 cases were invalid, the total effective rate was 83.4%^[6].

3. Gallstones: Yujinfen 0.6g,Baifanfen 0.48g, Huoxiaofen 0.9g ,Hushifen1.6g, Gancaofen 0.3g. that was 1 dose, 2 ～3 times per day, not to be taken by pregnant women, pediatric dosagereduction. Treatment of gallstones for 15 cases, of which 3 cases were cured, 6cases were improved, 6 cases were effective ^[7] .

4. Gastric persimmon stone: Yujinfen0.6g,Baifanfen 0.48g, Huoxiaofen 0.9g ,Hushifen 1.6g, Gancaofen 0.3g. that was1 dose, that was made to  tablet orpills, 0.699 g per tablet. 3 ~ 4 times per day, 6 tablets per time, take it inOne hour after the meal, 2 months as one course of treatment. All women'smenstrual period and the pregnancy or other complications person avoid taking, thatdosage of old and infirm and pediatric was reduced. 5 patients were treatedgastric persimmon stone, and  that all werecured^[8].

5. Epilepsy:Yujin,Zhusha,Xionghuang,Badoushuangweremade to Sanji,oral,2-3 times per day,2-3 years old for 0.1g per time,4-6 yearsold for 0.25g per time, 7-14 years old for 0.5g per time,for taking times:13cases were treated for 3-6 months,4 cases for 12 months, During takingmedication that was stopped other antiepileptic drugs. Treatment for epilepsy30 cases, the results :7 cases, 12 cases were effective, 8 cases were improve ,4 cases were invalid. The total effective rate was 87%, that did not see theworse case^[9].

6. Schizophrenia: Yujin 30 g, Changpu 25 g, Danshen15 g.that theeffective component were extracted to concrete,and sulpiride 0.5 g, to mix and pressureinto 20 tablets, each tablet contains crude drugs 3.5 g,sulpiride 0.025 g.After meals for 6 ~ 10 tablets, 2 times per day. 6 weeks as one course oftreatment. 24 cases of schizophrenia were treated, the results show theefficiency of was 66.7%^[10] .

7 .Acute and chronic contusion: Yujin,vinegar Yanhusuo, Guangmuxiang were ingredients of equal parts into fine, withthe bottle reservior.. 15g per agent, 3 times per day. 321 cases of acute andchronic contusion were cured, before and after dosing, up to a maximum was600g, at least was 120g, short course for less dosage^[11].

8.Others: Application of Yujin fortreatment otitis media, and the results were satisfactory^[12] . 

Chemical Composition:

[1] State Administration Of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica Editorial Board."" Chinese Materia Medica. Shanghai: Shanghai Science And Technology Press,1999,24:637( Total7768).

[2] Wong Jin Yue, Xiao Yuyan, Zhang Chengchuan, Wen Yujin. Research Advances On Chemical Constituents Of The Drug And Clinical Utility,2008,11(2):105

[3]Jin Jianzhong. Supercritical CO2 Extraction Of Curcuma Volatile Oil And Its Composition Analysis. Journal Of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2006,31(3):255

[4] Qin Kunliang, Tang Cong Cong, Huang Ke-Xin. The Stems And Leaves Of Curcuma Wenyujin And Root Of Volatile Constituents In Comparative Research. Journal Of Wenzhou Medical College,2006,36(2):95

Pharmacological Effect:

[1] Li Lingfu, Jia Kuan, Yang Baohua, Et Al. Turmeric1injection On Immune Function In Normal Mice. Chinese Medicine Journal,1987, (02):39

[2] Yang Baohua, Jia Kuan, Liang Denian,Et Al. Turmeric Volatile Oil On Mouse Hepatitis Model Immune Function. Chinese Journal Of Immunology,1989,5(2):121

[3] Dai Liming, Chen Minzhu, Xu Shuyun, Et Al. Turmeric On Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis Model Effect. Pharmaceutical Journal,1982,17(9):692

[4] Hao Hongqian, Sun Bing, Zheng Kaijun, Et Al. Turmeric Two Ketone Cat Sleep Rhythm Electric Activity Modulation Effect Of Chinese Herbal Medicine,1994,25(8):423

[5] Jiang Rugang.Papers Of The International Ginger Rugang Congress On Traditionalmedirine. Beijing,1990:372.

[6] Han Zhen, He Yi, Yang Yan, Et Al. Experimental Study On The Effect Of Yujin Antidepressant. Journal Of Ningxia Medical University,2008,30(3):275

[7] Cui Xiaolan, And So On. Chinese Pharmacological Communications,1990,7(2):20

[8] Yu Caizhen, Wang Demin. Chinese Medicine Curcuma On Viral Hepatitis Therapeutic Effect Of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Heilongjiang,1992, (5):44

[9] Liu Baolin Curcuma1injection On Liver Microsomal Cytochrome P-450 In Mice And Effect On Lipid Peroxidation . Medicine Bulletin,1988,13(1):46

[10] Lan Fengying, Where On Influence, Zhao Ying, Et Al. Turmeric Against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Acute Liver Injury In Mice. Chinese Journal Of Rehabilitation Theory And Practice,2007,13(5):444

[11] Zhang Yingong, Cai Ning, Shen Kangyuan. Wen Yujin On The Animal's Termination Of Pregnancy. Chinese Medicine Research,1983, (6):29

[12] Liang Denian,Han Zhifen, Hua Yingsheng, Et Al.In Curcuma Wenyujin No. 1 And No. 2injection On Mouse Heart, Liver, Spleen On The Content Of Camp. Chinese Medicine Journal,1986, (1):40

[13]Quiles JL, Mesa MD, Ramirez-Tortosa CL, Et Al. Curcumalonga Extract Supplementation Reduces Oxidativestress And Attenuates Aortic Fatty Steak Development In Rabbits. Arte-Riosclerthromb Vasc Biol,2002,22(7):1225

[14]Chen HW, Yu SL, Chen JJ, Etal. Antiinvasive Gene Epression Profile Of Curcumin In Lung Adenocarcinoma Bason A Highthrough Put Microarray Analysis. Mol Phamacol,2004,65(1):99

[15] He Bili, Lv Bin, Xu Yi,Et Al. Wen Yujin On Gastric Cancer Cell Growth And Its Effect On IGF- Ⅰ, IGF- ⅡExpression Of World Chinese Journal,2004,12(11):2761

[16] He Bili, Lu Bin, Xu Yi, And So On. Wen Yujin On Gastric Cancer Cell Growth And Its Effect On Expression Of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. Chinese Journal,2006,24(9):1741

[17] Wang Jialin, Lu Bin, Ni Guibao, Et Al. VEGF And MV In Curcuma On Human Gastric Cancer Xenografts In Nude Mice Expression Of Tumor,2002,5(1):55

[18] Wang Jialin, Lu Bin, Ni Guibao, Et Al. Common Turmeric On Human Gastric Cancer In Nude Mice Yiliu Growth And Cyclooxygenase -2 Expression Of Gastroenterology,2001,1(5):277

[19] Yu Linfeng, Lu Bin, Xu Lei, Et Al.Wen Yujin On The MNNG Drinking Large Gastric Mucosal Proliferation. Journal Of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2007,25(9):1868

[20] Wang Longde, Li Hongfang Curcuma Root On Isolated Rabbit Oddi's Sphincter, Gallbladder And Duodenal Smooth Muscle Activity. Journal Of Gansu College Of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2002,19(2):14,

[21] Yang Shujuan, Zheng Tianzhen, Qu Songyi. Turmeric On Gastric Muscle Strips Of Ringing. Journal Of Ningbo University,2004,17(2):228

[22] Wang Hongmei, Zhao Huaizhou, Zhang Ling, Et Al. Clove Matching Turmeric On Gastrointestinal Motility Effects Of Pharmacological Experimental Study (Ⅰ) - Lilac And Different Varieties Of Different Compatibility Proportion Of Curcuma Longa. Lishizhen Medicine And Materia Medica Research,2003,14(9):513

[23] Wang Bin, Caojun. Wen Yujin Extract On Lipid Peroxidation Induced By Ionizing Radiation Effects.. Journal Of Harbin Medical University,1996,30(2):128

[24] Wang Bin, Zhou Li, Niu Shudong, Et Al. Wen Yujin Extract In Radiation Injury During A Confrontation Oxidase Activity Influence. Acta Chinese Medicine,2000,2:74.

[25] New Medical College Of Jiangsu . Great Dictionary Of Chinese Medicine (The First Volume ). First Edition. Shanghai Science And Technology Press,1977:6.

[26]Chueh SC, Lai MK, Liu IS, Etal.Curcumin Enhances The Immunosuppressive Activity Of Cyclosporine In Ratcardiac Allografts And In Mixed Lymphocyte Reactions. Ransplant Proc,2003,35(4):1603

[27]Anuchapreeda S, Leechanachai P, Smith MM, Et Al.Modulation Of P-Glycoprotein Expression And Function By Curcumin Inmultidmg-Resistant, Human KB Cells.Biochem Pharmacol,2002,64(4):573

[28] Zhao Yanling, Shaw Creek, Yuan Hailong, And Jiang Huang And Tulip Pharmacological Comparison With Experiment. Chinese Herbal Medicine,2002,25(2):112

[29] Li Zonghua, Li Feng, Where On Influence, Etc. Of Yujin On Hypoxic Mouse Functional Implications . Chinese Journal Of Rehabilitation Theory And Practice,2007,13(8):710

Clinical Trials:

[1] Zhang Jing.Yin Chen Yuqing Pill In The Treatment Of Acute Hepatitis. Jilin Journal Of Traditional Chinese Medicine,1992, (4):22

[2] Sun Jianzhong, Wang Xianghui. Single Large Dose Of Turmeric In Treatment Of Chronic Hepatitis With Musk Voiced Abnormality In 32 Cases . Hubei Journal Of TCM,1993,15(6):4

[3] Yu Caizhen, Wang Demin, Li Zongmei. Chinese Medicine Curcuma On Viral Hepatitis Therapeutic Effect Of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Heilongjiang,1992, (5):44

[4] Li Qingduo Of Jaundice Fugan Decoction In Treating Pediatric Acute Icteric Hepatitis In 250 Cases. Inner Mongolia Journal Of Traditional Chinese Medicine,1990,9(1):3

[5] Zuo Tai Hao, Wang Qifu . Turmeric, Turmeric Mainly Treating100 Cases Of Chronic Cholecystitis Observation. Study Of Traditional Chinese Medicine,1994, (3):12

[6] Xie Weinan, Attiret, Yang Liyang . Hardware Decoction "In The Treatment Of Gall Bladder And Stomach Syndrome. The Journal Of Practical Medicine,1992,5(9):522

[7].Li Diru.Xiao Shi San Treatment Of Gallstones Results. Journal Of Traditional Chinese Medicine,1958, (11):750

[8] Li Diru, Yu Rong, Wang Gangran." Xiao Shi San Persimmon Gastrolith" Cure5 Cases. Shanghai Medical Journal,1965, (10):24

[9] Yang Xiuting, Li Zewu Epilepsy Decoction In The Treatment Of30 Cases Of Infantile Epilepsy Observation Information Of Traditional Chinese Medicine,1989,6(2):29

[10] Yang Chunlin, Cao Chunfang, Wu Huogen, Etc. Jin Pudan Compound In The Treatment Of Schizophrenia. Chinese Journal Of Clinical Medicine,1992,7(2):30

[11] Fang Guanjie. Yan Hu Gold Powder In The Treatment Of Acute And Chronic Contusion In 321 Cases. Zhejiang Journal Of TCM,1988,23(3):114

[12] Zhang Daocheng Yujin Treatment Of Otitis Media. Journal Of Traditional Chinese Medicine,1965, (10):46

Toxicology:

[1]Qureshi S.Plantamed.1992,58(2):124