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[English Name] Common Cnidium Fruit
[Chinese Name] 蛇床子  
[Pinying Name] Shechuangzi  
[Latin Name] Cnidii Fructus  
[Genera] Umbelliferae
[Efficacy] Antipyretic drug
[Pictures] Plant picture Drug picture
Plant picture
 
Drug picture
 
[Alias]  
[Source]  
[Plant morphology]  
[Distribution]  
[Gathering and processing]  
[Characteristics]  
[Ecology]     It grows in low hillsidefieldroad sideditch sidewetland on river bank,resistants to cold and drought,no strict damand of soil,strong ability.  
[Chemical composition]  
[Pharmacological activities]

1. Anti-aging: The hydrocortisone-injected mice were given Cnidium monnieri at the dose of 0.3-1.2g/kg for 16 days. The results showed that it could obviously extend the time of swimming and rope-climbing, increase the SOD value and decrease the estradiol (E2)/testosterone (T) ratio [1,2]. Cnidium monnieri can reduce total serum cholesterol of the mouse which was made a model of yolk emulsion, increase the phagocytosis, thymus index and spleen index of cyclophosphamide-immunosuppressed-mice. It could also increase the seminal vesicle weight of castrated rat, suggesting that Cnidium monnieri play a certain role in increasing strength, decreasing blood cholesterol, improving immunity, regulating SOD and sex hormone (E2/T) levels [1]. Osthol can significantly improve the memory impairment induced by AlCl3. Perhaps the mechanism is involved in enhancing the activities of GSH-PX and SOD, clearing away the free radical, protecting the central nervous system cells [3]

2. Cardiovascular system:

(1) Anti-arrhythmic: It is observed that there were preventive effect of 50g crud drug/kg Cnidium monnieri water extract (SWE) or 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg total coumarins of Cnidium monnieri (TCCM) treated chloroform induced ventricular fibrillation in mice, and 8.75g crud drug/kg or 80mg/kg TCCM treated nitride calcium-induced rat ventricular fibrillation and aconitine induced rat arrhythmia. And the latter it has significant therapeutic effect [4,5].  

(2) Cardiovascular protection: Osthol can inhibit platelet aggregation, and inhibit platelet ATP release induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid, platelet activating factor, collagen, A23187 ion carrier and thrombin. It mechanism is involved with inhibition of thromboxane formation and phosphoinositide decomposition [6]

3. Anti-fungal, anti-virus and spermicide: Cnidium monnieri water decoction possessed different inhibitory levels on various bacteria and fungi[7]. The in vitro antibacterial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration ) of osthole against to Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC27294) and H37Ra (ATCC25177) was 32μg/ml [8]. The spermicidal effect of Cnidium monnieri extract increased with the concentration increase, the lowest effective concentration of inhibition of human sperm within 20 seconds is 30%. Mixed the different dose of Cnidium monnieri extract powder with 1ml semen, the lowest effective dose for inhibiting sperm motility was 250~300mg [9]. After treated with Cinidium monnieti extract fluid for 10, 30, 60 and 120 min, it is without sperm resurrection. But by saline washing within 20 seconds could lead the sperm revival. There were no significant changes of sperm chromatin after treated [10]

4. Reproductive system: Cnidium monnieri contains both male hormone-like substances and female hormone-like substances [11]. For the Cyclophosphamide-induced reproductive system damaged male mice, continuous intragastric administration of osthole for 20 days, it could be found that high dose group (osthole, 150mg/kg) could significantly increase the serum testosterone content, whereas the groups (osthole, 150, 75mg/kg) reduce the interstitial edema of testicular seminiferous tubules. It could observed that the seminiferous tubules had mature sperm, spermatogenic cells arranged regular and epididymal interstitial edema alleviated [12]

5. Expectorant and antiasthmatic: The total coumarins in the fruit of Cnidium monnieri possessed a direct expansion effect on smooth muscle of guinea pigs and obviously protective effect on drug-induced asthma. In vitro, it could relax the spasm of tracheal smooth muscle induced by histamine, increase the perfusion flow and play a certain role in expectorant [10]. The antagonistic effect of the total coumarins in the fruit of Cnidium monnieri against spasm of tracheal smooth muscle induced by histamine in guinea pigs could be blocked by propranolol, a β-receptor blocker. The total coumarins of Cnidium monnieri may possess the similar role with β-receptor agonist. 

6. Liver protection: Treated Alcohol-induced fatty liver rats with 5~20mg/kg osthole for 6 weeks, it could found that the serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) content and TC and TG contents in hepatic tissuewere significantly lower, suggesting that osthole possessed a centain therapeutic effect on lipid accumulation of alcoholic fatty liver, thereby reducing the alcohol on the liver injury[14]. The osthole significantly decreased serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase activities and liver MDA content of CCl4 induced liver injury in mice. And the liver lobule were ameliorated obviously [15]

7. Local anesthesia: Given 1g crud drug/ml Cnidium monnieri extract could block the conduction of the sciatic nerve of toad. Its ability to penetrate the sciatic nerve is similar to procaine. Intradermal injection with 0.2ml above mentioned extract with same concentration, it possessed a certain anesthesia. Mixed Cnidium monnieri extract with a minute amount of epinephrine, not only it improved the anesthetic effects, but also the anesthesia duration was significantly prolonged. Injected 0.4ml/kg Cnidium monnieri extract to rabbit, it become effective within 1 min. And local anesthesia duration could reach up to 15.3±9.2 min [16].

8.  Central nervous sedative: Intraperitoneal injection of osthole 50~100mg/kg to mice can significantly enhance the hypnotic effects of threshold hypnotic dose of pentobarbital sodium with a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, it could confront the increases of the number of spontaneous activity induced by a small dose of caffeine. It role may involved the inhibition of the central nervous system sedation [17]

9. Plasma prostaglandins and cyclic nucleotides: Total coumarin and water extract can decrease the prostaglandin (PGE2, PGF2α), cAMP and cAMP/cGMP values to normal of plasm in rats of hydrocortisone acetate induced kidney-yang insufficiency. One of the mechanisms of kidney aphrodisiac effect may be achieved by influencing the cyclic nucleotide and prostaglandin metabolism [18].

10. Reduce blood lipid: Ovariectomized and hyperlipidemic rat model were used, the blood lipids were measured by colorimetry method after treated with osthole at doses of 5~20 mg/kg for 12 weeks and 20 days respectively. In ovariectomized rat model, the serum TG and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio were depressed evidently, but the decrement of serum LDL-C level was not evident. In hyperlipidemic rat model , the serum TC and TG were restrained notable by osthole, and reduction of LDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio had a dose-dependent manner [19]

11. Anti-mutagenesisSalmonella mammalian microsome Ames test, from the somatic cells of sister chromatid exchange (SCE), mouse bone marrow cell chromosome aberration (CA}, more cells micronucleus (MN) experiments show that the Cnidium monnieri water extract has strong anti-mutagenic properties [20].

12. Toxicity: Orally taken the total coumarin of Cnidium monnieri, the mrdian lethal dose (LD50) of mice is 2.44±0.05g/kg [21]. Intraperitoneal injection of 20mg/kg Cnidium monnieri extract, the mice activity decreased after 30 min, showing a sedative effect. And there were no mice died in 48 hours. In rabbit cornea experiments, no conjunctival redness and congestion were observed [20]. The supercritical extraction of Cnidium monnieri possessed no acute toxic reaction in guinea pigs at the dose 30mg/cm2, no skin irritation at 3.75mg/cm2, no sensitization at 3.33mg/cm2 but a certain skin phototoxicity at 7.5mg/cm2 [22].

 
[Clinical trial]

1. Infantile Eczema: Take “Osthol ointment” (the third people's hospital of chongqing made) on the affected part appropriately and massage gently, 3 times a day, follow-up observation 1 time every week, record skin lesions and adverse reaction, the treatment does not exceed 3 weeks. During treatment any other local or systemic treatment do not use. Results: The total cure rate is 60.5%, the total recovery rate is 84.2%. The treatment time is among from 2 days to 11 days, an average of (6.1±1.2) days[1].

2. Urticaria: 41 cases received “Common Cnidium Fruit Injection” (pharmaceutical preparation department of Dalian hospital of traditional Chinese medicine, 4 ml each bottle, every 4 ml contains crude drugs 4g) by intramuscular injection, 1 times a day, at the same time, applied stemonae tincture, relieving itching powder on the skin, 10 days for a period of treatment. Results: After 1~2 courses of treatment, 32 cases cured, 8 cases improved, 1 case invilded. The total effective rate was 97.56%. The fastest recovery only needed 1 injection, the slowest recovery needed 21 injection[2].

 
[Properties]  
[Medical and other Uses]  
[Dosage]  
[Cautions]  
[Traditional usage]

1.       Pruritus due to scabies, skin broken into scab when scratching

2.       Painful cold sore

3.       Swollen and itching scrotum of infant

4.       Eczema in the ear

5.       Toothache

6.       Pharyngitis in winter inability to take prescription

7.       sweating with yin syndrome

8.       Impotence

9.       Rectocele

10.   Postpartum prolapse of uterus, and pain of uterus

11.   Leukorrhea, could pain of Umbilical abdomen, sallow complexion, gradual exhaustion

12.   pruritus vulvae

13.   Itching around the anus

 
[Toxicological studies]  
[Pharmaceutical preparations]  
[References]

Clinical research:

[1] Ke ChangYi,Xue Mao, The clinical observation of “Osthol ointment” in the treatment of 38 cases with infant eczema[J]. China Pharmaceuticals, 2003, 14 (5) : 67.

[2] Kong ZhiFeng,Sun Wen Xian,. The clinical observation of “Common Cnidium Fruit Injection” in the treatment of 41 cases with Urticaria[J]. Liaoning Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2006, 55 (2) : 195.