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[English Name] Luckynut Thevetia Seed
[Chinese Name] 黄花夹竹桃  
[Pinying Name] Huanghuajiazhutao  
[Latin Name] Semen Thevetiae  
[Genera] Apocynaceae
[Efficacy] jiedushachongyao
[Pictures] Plant picture Drug picture
Plant picture
 
Drug picture
 
[Alias]  
[Source]  
[Plant morphology]  
[Distribution]  
[Gathering and processing]  
[Characteristics]  
[Ecology]     It prefers warm and moist climate.Poorly cold resistance,it can be planted in open land in the south area of the Yangtze river basin,but sometimes branches and leaves frozen wither in Nanjing, young seedlings even be winterkilled.It just can be potted ornamental in northen,overwintering indoor. Red flower varieties’s cold-resistance is a little stronger than white varieties. Luckynut Thevetia Seed doesn’t resistant to wet,requirs high temperature drying and well-drained place to planted.It prefers light and fertility, also can adapt to the dank environment,but less flowers and light colour by planted in shade place . Germination ability is strong, easy recovery after tree trunk hurt.  
[Chemical composition]  
[Pharmacological activities]

1 Cardiotonic effect: Thevetin shows obvious cardiotonic effects in the heart of frog and guinea pigs, barbiturate-induced failing heart and rat heart and lung perfusion experiments, it also shows a typical cardiac glycoside reaction in cats ECG [1].

2 Sedative effect: Thevetin has certain sedative effects on cats and monkeys, while the toxic lanatoside K does not have this effect, the single acetyl Thevetin B extracted from nuts does not obviously inhibit the central nervous system [2]. Some people also occur fatigue and somnolence state [3].

3 The impact on smooth muscle: The flower alcohol extract has suscitating effect on the isolated uterus of cats, rabbits and guinea pig, and the isolated intestine of rabbit and guinea pig, but has no significant effect on isolated rat uterus and intestinal smooth muscle [4].

4 Diuretic effect: Intravenous injection of thevetin on anesthetized dogs and ureteral fistula dogs can show diuretic effect soon, the urine output during 1-1.5 hour increases significantly. After the intraperitoneal administration on normal rats, diuretic effects at the fifth hours is most significant [2].  

5 Toxicity: Intravenous injection of cardiac glycosides 10μg/min on anesthetized cats, then observe the cumulative quantity (μg/kg) of vomiting, cardiac arrhythmia and death, sub-glycosides A is 105.9±15.6, 102.2±6.4 and 165.4±10.7, respectively; sub-glycosides B is 86.2±10.1, 122.4±11.9 and 207.2 ± 16.9, respectively; Strophanthin K is 116.9±16.1, 115.2±13.2 and 101.9±2.9, respectively. For sodium pentobarbital-induced heart failure in cats, the arrhythmia and the minimum lethal dose caused by sub-glycosides A are 96.1±10.2 and 164.9±15.1, respectively, while sub-glycosides B are 106.7±9.7 and 194.5±6.9, respectively. For Heart failure in guinea pigs, the arrhythmia and the minimum lethal dose caused by glycosides A are 802.0±99.4 and 1665.6±132.9, respectively. The sub-glycosides B are 508.0±83.1 and 1387.0±292.4, respectively [5]. The arrhythmias and the minimum lethal dose caused by Thevetin in heart failure guinea pigs are 531±184 and 1362±400, respectively, and sub-glycosides B are 478±110 and 994±126, respectively [6]. The toxicity for the clinical application of of sub-glycosides A is similiar with digitalis preparations, ECG may show T wave flat, PR prolonged, QT shortened, causing premature beats and conduction block, but induced arrhythmias and ECG is smaller than Sim and lanatoside C, when applying other cardiac glycosides causing pathological ECG, switching to sub-glycoside A can maintain compensatory cardiac function and improve arrhythmia. The other side effects caused by glycosides A are mainly gastrointestinal symptoms and usually not serious [7]. A poisoning vomiting caused by sub-glycosides may be the excitement of nodose ganglion receptor, and may be related to the release of catecholamines [8,9].

6 Intravenous injection of fresh leaves of Luckynut Thevetia Seed tincture liquid to cat can observe the loss of appetite, salivation, vomiting, fatigue, weakness, and even animal death [10]. The toxicity reflects of cats and dogs fed with Luckynut Thevetia Seed leaf tincture are mainly nausea, vomiting, increased saliva, drowsiness, easy to sleep, a small number of animals are excited uneasy, cats have poor feeding, and dog's appetite is less affected [11].

 
[Clinical trial]

 

Clinical Research: Thevetoside and thevetosidum extracted from Luckynut Thevetia Seed have significant strong heart function, and work quickly, less accumulate.

1. Thevetoside: The clinical observation of 23 cases with thevetoside (0.4 mg/ml) intravenous injection for the treatment of heart failure (rheumatic heart disease (including non-active and active supraventricular tachycardia patients), hypertensive heart disease, hyperthyroid cardiopathy, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (combine with supraventricular tachycardia), etc.). Results: 18 cases effected, and 13 cases effected markedly. After treatment, in most cases, cyanosis reduced slightly and the lung sound reduced significantly.

2. Thevetosidum: 357 cases with heart failure were treated with thevetosidum by oral and intravenous, the total effective rate was 78.4%, among which 83 cases treated with intravenous injection of the effective rate was 79.5%. Thevetosidum had effect of slowing the heart rate, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Thevetosidum and digitalis class cardiac medicine on the side effects and toxic effects were similar..

 
[Properties]  
[Medical and other Uses]  
[Dosage]  
[Cautions]  
[Traditional usage]  
[Toxicological studies]  
[Pharmaceutical preparations]  
[References]

化学成分:

[1] State Administration of traditional Chinese materia medica editorial board.Chinese materia medica. Shanghai: Shanghai science and Technology Press Agency, 1999,17:312 ( total 5632).

药理作用:

[1] The new Jiangsu School of medicine, traditional Chinese Medicine Dictionary ( Volume Two), first edition. Shanghai science and Technology Press, 1977:2077.

[2] Wang Yusheng. Application and pharmacology of Chinese medicine, first ed. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 1983:1007.

[3] Huang Jiadai clinical trial collaborative group. Chinese medical journal, 1976,56 ( 1): 32

[4] Li Changchun Pharmaceutica Sinica, 1962,9 ( 4): 199

[5] Gao Shijia Pharmaceutica Sinica, 1983,18 ( 8): 572

[6]Voigtlaender HW,etal.C A,1971,74:12951b.

[7] Zhou Weidong of new drugs and clinical remedies, 1988,7 ( 2): 83

[8]GaitondeB B,et al.Brit J Parmacol,1975,54:157.

[9]Gaitonde B B,etal.Neuropharmacol,1972,11:427.

[10] Li Changchun Pharmaceutica Sinica, 1960,8 ( 6): 235

[11] Li Changchun Pharmaceutica Sinica, 1962,9(12):753.

Clinical trials:

[1] Nanjing University Of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese Medicine Dictionary (Part Ii). Second Edition[M]. Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers, 2006: 2879.
毒理学:

[1] Liu Shuguang, and so on. Chinese Journal of Cardiology, 1988,16 ( 3): 161

[2] Gao Shijia, et al. Pharmaceutical Journal, 1983,18 ( 8): 572

[3] Zhou Weidong, et al. Clinical pharmacology and .1988,7 ( 2): 83

[4] Li Changchun. Pharmaceutical Journal, .1962,9 (12 ): 753

[5]GaitondcBB.etal.ArchIntPharmacodyn,1961,133:265

[6]Gaitondc BB.etal.Neuropharmacol,1972,11:427