[English Name] | Turmeric | |
[Chinese Name] | 姜黄 | |
[Pinying Name] | Jianghuang | |
[Latin Name] | Rhizoma Curcumae Longae | |
[Genera] | Zingiberaceae | |
[Efficacy] | Blood circulation drug | |
[Pictures] | Plant picture | Drug picture |
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[Plant morphology] | ||
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[Characteristics] | ||
[Ecology] | It prefers warm and moist climate,enviroment with enough sunshine, abundant precipitation,resistants to sever cold and frost,is afraid of drought and waterlogging.Being planted in the sandy soil with thick soil layer、loose upper layer、close lower level is optimum. | |
[Chemical composition] | ||
[Pharmacological activities] |
1. Anti-inflammatory: Intraperitoneal injection of all turmeric dry extracts to rat can inhibit carrageenan-induced toe swelling. Water extract has the strongest effect, the median effective dose (ED50) is 4.7mg/kg. The role of alcohol extract is weak and its ED50 is 309mg/kg. The ED50 of petroleum ether extract is 4.7mg/kg and 8.7mg/kg for curcumin [1]. Intraperitoneal injection of curcumin and sodium curcununate to treat carrageenan-induced toe swelling in rat, their ED50 are 2.1mg/kg and 0.36mg/kg, while the ED50 of hydrocortisone is about 10mg/kg [2]. Orally take curcumin, demethoxycurcumin (FHM) or BHM can inhibit carrageenan-induced toe swelling and FHM has the strongest effect. When under the dose of 30mg/kg, the anti-inflammatory effect is dose-dependent. If raised the dose to 60mg/kg, anti-inflammatory effects but diminished [3]. Intragastric administration of turmeric volatile oil 0.1mL/kg can inhibit acute pigeon foot swelling, but the effect disappeared when removal the adrenal, demonstrated that early anti-inflammatory effects due to anti-histamine and late anti-inflammatory effects due to excite pituitary-adrenal axis. Fed rat with volatile oil 0.1mg/kg per day can also suppress freund's adjuvant-induced polyarthritis [4]. Turmeric volatile oil can inhibit trypsin alcohol hyaluronidase [5]. Intraperitoneal injection of varieties of turmeric extracts (oil alcohols, ethanol and water) 10-20mg/kg have significant anti-inflammatory effects on granuloma and granulama pouch model [1]. Two components were separated from turmeric petroleum ether extracts, Lieherntann-Burchard steroidal experiment showed that they are positive, intraperitoneal injection of these 3 components (petroleum ether extract included) 10mg/kg to rat, there were significant anti-inflammatory effect on granuloma, formaldehyde foot swelling and granuloma pouch experiment, equivalented to the efficacy of 5mg/kg hydrocortisone [6]. The effect of intragastric administration of 3mg/kg curcumin or 0.1mg/kg curcumin sodium on formaldehyde foot swelling was 45%-50% [2]. Curcumin and turmeric volatile oil maybe the active ingredients to inhibit the acute subacute inflammation. Curcumin had weak anti-inflammation effect on rats whoes adrenal were removed, indicated that corticosteroids took part in inhibiting inflammation. But low dose of curcumin sodium cannnot promote the release of adrenal corticosteroids or inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandinx [7]. Effective dose of curcumin, gavage was much more than injection, indicated that the bioavailability of gavage was very small [1]. Curcumin can be used for the treatment of chronic anterior uveitis (CAU). Patients divided into two groups, one group received only the curcumin treatment, due to the emergence of a strong PPD reaction, another group also accepted the anti-TB treatment. Two weeks later, all the patient's condition improved [8]. Three years after, 55% of the first group relapsed and 36% of the second group, but no side effects reported. At present, corticosteroids is the only effective drug for the treatment of CAU, curcumin treatment effects and low relapse rate are comparable to the corticosteroids, especially, curcumin had no side effects, which was its bigest advantages. In recent years, it was found to have the effect to inhibit lipoxygenase pathway and demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity. 2. Choleretic: Intravenous injection of 24mg/kg curcumin sodium to anesthetized dogs can double the increase in bile secretion, the role of volatile oil similar but weaker, reduce the concentration of solid components of bile, but still increase bile salts, cholesterol and total bilirubin excretion [9, 10]. Given 50% turmeric decoction or hydrochloric acid (2%) leaching fluid 5mL to anesthetized dogs had weaker choleretic effect and the average duration was 1 to 2 hours [11]. 3. Hepatoprotective: Injection of 50% turmeric rhizome alcohol extract 20g(crude drug)/kg to mice can significantly inhibit the increase of carbon tetrachloride-induced serum ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) [12]. Step-by-step extraction of turmeric rhizome by water and ethyl acetate, only the dissolved portion of the ethyl acetate whowed anti-hepatotoxic effects. Three components got from the further separation of acetic acid ethyl ester part, they are curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and double demethoxycurcumin. Curcumin 1mg/mL can reduce the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) produced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of rat hepatocytes to 53%, ALT to 20%, D-galactosamine-induced ALT reduced to 44% of the control group. Demethoxycurcumin and double demethoxycurcumin had a similar effect [11]. Studies [12] have shown that curcumin in vitro and in vivo liver injury caused by CCl4 had a significant protective effect and can significantly lower CCl4 caused primary cultured rat ALT, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA) level, but increase the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione and peroxidase (GSH-PX), thereby reducing oxygen free radicals attack the body cells and improve the body's free radical scavenging ability [13]. Curcumin solid dispersion is similar with colchicine, can reduce the rise of ALT and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in chronic liver injury in mice, improve liver and spleen weight ratio, reduce the liver tissue pathological changes. That Curcumin solid dispersible tablets have a protective effect on CCl4-induced chronic liver injury in mice [14]. Curcumin can significantly improve athletic training rat the ability of anti-free radical oxidation and markedly improved exercise capacity in rats [15]. 4. The role of the digestive system: Intragastric administration of 500mg/kg turmeric ethanol extract to rat can inhibit the ulcer, which caused by low-temperature constraint stress, pylorus ligation and indomethacin, reserpine and so on. It also can significantly protect cyst destruction agent (80% alcohol, 0.6mol/L hydrochloric acid, 0.2mol/L sodium hydroxide and 25% sodium chloride) induced gastric lesions. Turmeric ethanol extract not only marked thickening of the gastric parietal, but also makes the non-protein thiol content in rat gastric gland recovery [16]. Rabbit orally took turmeric powder can increase gastric juice mucus content and protect gastric mucosal [17]. Curcumin had effect on 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced guinea pig gastric ulcer [18], others reported that curcumin without any protective effect on histamine-induced ulcers [19]. High doses of turmeric will lead to ulcers, daily service 100mg/kg, 6 days after, can cause gastric ulcer in rats [20]. Pretreatment with the adrenergic receptor antagonist, cholinergic receptor antagonist disturbance agent, 5-tryptamine or receptor antagonist of the histamine {H} can partly inhibit curcumin induced gastric ulcer. But H2 receptor antagonists (methylthio) Mitt can completely prevent the reduction of the incidence of gastric ulcer and mucus secretion [21]. Curcumin sodium had antispasmodic effect in isolated guinea pig ileum, the ED50 of its antagonism of nicotine intestinal spasm is 30.2μg/mL, acetylcholine is 77.2μg/mL, antagonist 5-hydroxytryptamine is 82.8μg/mL and antagonist barium chloride is 171.4μg/mL [5]. Intragastric administration of curcumin sodium can not achieve these concentrations in the blood, that its antispasmodic effect is a local role in the gastrointestinal tract after intragastric drug [22]. Curcumin can inhibit gas production of clostridium perfringens in vitro, this was not caused by the antibacterial effect of curcumin, because there was no inhibition of curcumin on the use of bacteria glucose. In additon, feed rats with flatulence chickpea flour while taking curcumin would also make the intestines a decrease in gas production [23]. 5. The role of the cardiovascular system: Intragastric administration of turmeric extract can confront rat ECG S-T caused by intravenous injection of pituitrin, mice fed curcumin can increase myocardial nutritional blood flow [24]. Intravenous injection of 7.5mg/kg curcumin to dog can produce a sharp and short-term antihypertensive effect. Atropine, antihistamines and β-adrenergic antagonists cannot block the antihypertensive effect. Curcumin had inhibition of isolated guinea pig heart [25]. Curcumin can inhibit Na +-K +-ATPase activity, inhibit the expression of MMP-9 and have the effct of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation and Increasing the activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2 +-ATP enzyme (calcium-dependent ATP enzyme, namely calcium pump) to play a positive inotropic, improve ventricular remodeling and cardiac function etc.. Compared with the treatment of heart failure drugs, curcumin had more pharmacological effects [26]. Curcumin can inhibit the activity of the sodium - potassium pump [27]. In the treatment of heart failure, may produce a similar effect with digitalis, poisonous hairs bindweed glycosides G and cardiac, however, this role has yet to be confirmed by further studies. Research has shown that curcumin can prevent the damage of the myocardium, improve ventricular remodeling, play a similar role to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers. In addition, curcumin also improve cardiac function. Turmeric in the treatment process of heart failure, not only can improve ventricular systolic function, but also improve diastolic function, and the role of drug treatment time and dose related, which may enhance the role of long-term survival of patients [28]. Studies have shown that curcumin can reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) patients blood lipids and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) index, indicating that its lipid lowering and anti-inflammatory effect in patients with coronary heart disease [29]. 6. Anticoagulant and inhibition of platelet aggregation: Fed with turmeric alcohol extract or curcumin can inhibit hyperlipidemic rats the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation and curcumin also can enhance the fibrinolytic activity [30]. The turmeric ether extract can inhibit arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation and the generation of thromboxane B2 (TXB2), and increase the product of the lipoxygenase-catalyzed at the same time [31]. Intraperitoneal injection of of 25mg/kg or 100mg/kg curcumin can inhibit collagen and epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation, but does not affect the thoracic aorta prostaglandin (PGI2) synthesis. Known collagen-induced platelet aggregation is related to the increase of thromboxane TXA2 that curcumin anti-platelet aggregation is related to its role in anti-TXA2 [32]. Normal human blood in vitro experiment, curcumin 1 × 10-(-4) mol / L can significantly inhibit platelet aggregation with the inhibition rate of 35.4%. Every day, intragastric administration of curcumin 20mg/kg, 40mg/kg, 60mg/kg, 80mg/kg, consecutive 5 days, compared with the control group, platelet aggregation weakened and plasma viscosity and whole blood viscosity decreased. The most powerful inhibition of platelet aggregation was 40mg/kg group and its inhibition rate was 34.6%, continue to increase the dose, inhibition was no further enhanced. At low shear rate (37.5 per second), the role of whole blood and plasma viscosity significantly reduced but no significant difference at high shear rate (150 per second) [33]. Intraperitoneal injection of curcumin, double demethoxycurcumin and demethoxycurcumin can all extense the recalcification time of male mice, that was anticoagulant active ingredients in turmeric [34]. 7. Lowering blood pressure: Fed experimental hyperlipidemia dogs with curcumin extract, turmeric volatile oil and curcumin can significantly lower serum cholesterol, triglyceride (TG) and β lipoprotein. And reduce aortic triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, suggesting that the role of anti-atherosclerosis [30]. Feeding rats with cholesterol diet and curcumin, serum and liver cholesterol levels only in control animals 1/2 to 1/3, effective curcumin concentration in the feed is less than 1% [35]. Hypercholesterolemia rabbits fed turmeric ether extract 1g have similar effect [36]. Every six hours fed 3g/kg dried extract of the curcumin 50% ethanol extract , 48 hours in total. Can significantly reduce high blood cholesterol rats elevated plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol-(VLD-), low density lipoprotein-(LDL-) and high density lipoprotein-(HDL-) cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio increased. However, due to overdose with its practical significance needs further study [37]. 8. Antioxidant: Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and double demethoxycurcumin can prevent linoleic acid oxidation in the air, curcumin had the strongest effect and 50% inhibition of the complete oxidation of linoleic acid concentration was 1.83×10-2% (thiobarbituric acid value) and 1.15×10-2% (peroxide value), superior to the value of racemic α-tocopherol (vitamin E). Curcumin substances antioxidant effect related to its chemical structure, the phenolic hydroxyl group was very important to their antioxidant activity, the adjacent methoxy to the phenolic hydroxyl group was also associated with antioxidant activity [37]. Using lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde as an indicator, curcumin had a significant antioxidant effect on the heart of the mouse brain, liver, kidney, spleen and other organizations [38]. Using lipid peroxidation induced deoxyribose nucleoside (DNA) injury as an index, 400 μmol / L curcumin can inhibit lipid peroxidation [39]. Low concentrations of curcumin (5×10-5mol/L) can significantly inhibit lipid peroxidation in rat hepatocytes induced by acetaminophen, but acetaminophen-induced liver cell lactate dehydrogenase leakage and glutathionedepletion had no protective effect. Curcumin can still prevent lipid peroxidation when concentrations 100 times higher, but increased the intracellular glutathione depletion and lactate dehydrogenase leakage. One hour before acetaminophen treatment of liver cells, or one hour after the given curcumin, had similar effects. Therefore, it was not time-dependent, higher concentrations of curcumin had mild cytotoxicity. Cell protective effects of curcumin was due to its inhibition of lipid peroxidation, a lot of cytotoxicity was due to its combination with the glutathione [40]. Curcumin can weaken a predisposing factor for a variety of induced diabetic microvascular complications, and have a protective effect on target organs [41]. Curcumin can controll lipids by regulating the activity of hepatic 7α cholesterol hydroxylase and STZ-induced rat diabetic animal models confirmed that curcumin can reduce lipid peroxidation in plasma and urine [42]. Curcumin activated receptor γ to promote adipocyte differentiation by activating peroxisome. Turmeric ethanol extract of a dose-dependent manner to promote human preadipocyte triglyceride glycerol release, which means that curcumin and its analogues in a dose-dependent ability to promote adipocyte differentiation [43]. The experiments also confirmed that curcumin and its analogues may be to play the effect on fat cells with the peroxisome-activated receptor γ ligand. Curcumin also attenuated oxidative stress in high glucose conditions, reduced the generation of oxygen free radicals in the high glucose conditions. Curcumin can prevent high glucose-induced protein glycosylation and lipid peroxidation, can also increase the use of red blood cells on blood glucose [44]. 9. Antifertility: Petroleum ether, ethanol and water extracts of turmeric powder had anti-progesterone effect, petroleum ether and water extracts in 1 to 7 weeks pregnant vibration fed with 200mg/kg showed a 100% anti-rat fertility [45]. Fed with petroleum ether or water extract of 100 to 200mg/kg can inhibit the embryos implanted endometrial [46]. 10 days of the male rats fed with alcohol extract significantly reduced testicular weight and testosterone concentration [47]. Intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of turmeric decoction can significantly terminate early, mid-term and late pregnancy in mice and rabbits, termination rate up to 90% to 100%, but gavage invalid. Turmeric termination of mouse pregnancy can be confronted by progesterone, but also significantly inhibited the growth of traumatic uterine deciduoma of pseudopregnant mice, suggesting the mechanism of animals in early pregnancy caused by turmeric is likely to be due to anti-progesterone and Palaceshrink [48]. 10. On the uterus: Turmeric 50% decoction and hydrochloric acid (2%) infusion can excit mice and isolated guinea pig uterus. 50% decoction enema 5mL or 50% hydrochloric acid infusion 5mL intravenously, can cause the rabbit uterine fistula paroxysmal contraction to strengthen, 1 dose to be continued 5 to 7 hours [49]. 11. Anti-tumor: The Turmeric alcohol extract 0.4mg/ml and curcumin 4μg/ml inhibited the growth of Chinese hamster ovary cells, and had a cytotoxic effect on lymphocytes and Dalton's lymphoma cells. Intraperitoneal injection of curcumin liposome could inhibit the generation of Dalton's lymphoma cells in mice, and increase the survival rate of mice [50]. 12 - (7)-tetradecanoylphorboL acetate, TPA is a tumor promoting agent, allows mice to produce skin tumors. If merged 5nmol TPA with 1μmol, 3μmol or l0μmo1 curcumin local in mouse, 2 times per week, a total of 20 weeks, and pre-start with 7,12-methyl benzene [α] anthracene as the tumor agent, curcumin can inhibit the number of tumor caused by TPA and the inhibition rates were 39%, 77% and 98% [51]. Curcumin has a strong induction of tumor cell apoptosis [52]. Curcumin can inhibit the growth of liver cancer cells QGY [53]. The inhibition rate was dependent on the relationship between drug concentration and time. Electron microscopy showed that curcumin can cause cell degeneration, necrosis and induction of apoptosis, could significantly inhibit the growth of leukemia cell HL60/ADR cells. Observed under a fluorescence microscope, the visibility of nuclear enrichment and other features of apoptosis changes; flow cytometry analysis showed that curcumin can down-regulate bcl-2 protein expression [54]. Curcumin can effectively suppress colon adenocarcinoma cell colony growth and invasion ability, and induce anoikis of colon cancer cells, and are related to the concentration [55]. 20μmol/L curcumin can induce hepatoma SMMC-7721 cell apoptosis [56]. In addition it was also found that curcumin can inhibit MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells of two major angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor) transcription [57]. Studies have shown that tumors of different organs of the genetic changes involved in different genes, and curcumin inhibit a variety of tumors, suggesting that inhibition of vascular formation may be one of its anticancer mechanism [58]. Determination of in vitro SVR curcumin aromatic alcohols and aromatic diol analogues showed antiangiogenic [59]. The combination of curcumin and anti-cancer drugs vincristine, doxorubicin in vitro had killing effect on the epithelial carcinoma cell line KB and its multidrug-resistant cell KBv200 [60]. The study found that the combination of curcumin and two kinds of chemotherapeutic drugs had sensitizing effect on the KB and KBv200 cells. Curcumin also significantly enhance the radiosensitivity of esophageal cancer cell lines Eca109, the mechanism may be related to its own caused tumor cell cycle arrest and induction of tumor cell apoptosis [61]. Curcumin adriamycin group and the doxorubicin group had similar effect on the cytotoxicity of bladder transitional cell carcinoma line BIU-87 and for BIU-87/ADM, curcumin could significantly increase the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin, and also significantly inhibited the efflux of R123 in the cell [62]. The effect of curcumin combined with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) on the inhibition of lung cancer cell line A549 growth and apoptosis-related factor expression showed that the tolerance of the lung cancer A549 cells to TRAIL, curcumin may through the mitochondrialand non-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway to increase TRAIL sensitivity [63]. 12. Antimutagenic: Rats fed various doses of turmeric (the feed mix) three months, then intraperitoneal injection of benzopyrene, or 3 - methylcholanthrene anthracene, the application of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria to measure urine mutagenicity. Fed with the the turmeric feed more than 0.5% can inhibit the mutagenicity of benzo [a] pyrene or 3 - methylcholanthrene, and turmeric does not affect food intake and weight gain of rats, histological examination no changes [64]. Curcumin can inhibit the mutagenicity of a number of environmental mutagens original (cigar, cigarette smoke, tobacco and malt extract, benzopyrene pyrene and dimethyl benzanthracene, etc.), and showed a dose-effect relationship. Curcumin can change the metabolic activation and detoxification of mutagenic original [65]. In addition, the results of anti-mutagenic and mutagenic synchronization rapid test method showed that turmeric has anti-mutagenic effect, suggesting that both protect cells from damage and can promote mutant cells of DNA repair. Not only directly inactivate extracellular mutagens mutation effect, but also has anti-mutagenic effect in cells [66]. 13. Phytopathogenic microbes and protozoa: Turmeric volatile oil 4.5-90μL/100mL can significantly inhibit certain intestinal bacteria and the growth of pathogenic bacteria in vitro, 2.5-50mg/100mL can only inhibit staphylococcus aureus, turmeric ethanol extract (10-200mg/100mL) can cause morphological changes to streptococcus, lactobacillus, and staphylococcus aureus [23]. Turmeric alcohol extract and its active ingredients can inhibit the growth of most bacteria which causes cholecystitis, including the genus, cocci eight stacked the Jia Fuji cocci (Gaffkya), Corynebacterium, Streptococcus and other bacteria. The concentration of curcumin is 0.5-5mg/mL, volatile oil used in a concentration of 5-100μg/mL. Not sensitive to gram-negative bacteria, yeast and mold. Turmeric alcohol extract (50mg/mL) and volatile oil (100μg/mL) had a bactericidal effect but curcumin was only bacteriostatic agent against staphylococci [67]. The turmeric ether and chloroform extracts in vitro can inhibit several pathogenic skin fungal [68], turmeric volatile oil 1:10 can inhibit the growth of different pathogenic fungi [69, 70]. Turmeric ethanol extract in vitro had the effect of anti-Entamoeba histolytica protozoa [71]. 14. Have a protective effect on target organs: Studies have found that in STZ-induced diabetic model of Wistar rats, although curcumin can not prevent the hyperglycemia of diabetes, but can significantly slow down the occurrence and development of diabetic cataract [72]. Experiments confirmed that in STZ-induced diabetic rats, curcumin can prevent the loss of chaperone activity of α-crystallin protein, and slow the maturation process of the diabetic cataract [73]. The determination and histologic examination on urinary protein, urinary enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, N-acetyl glucosamine, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline and acid phosphatase), membrane multi-unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acid ratio in the Wistar rat model of diabetes found that curcumin can reduce diabetes damage to the kidneys [74]. High blood glucose can induce the expression of transforming growth factor-β1, and the high expression of transforming growth factor-β1 had been proven to be one of the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Studies said orally and topical application of curcumin had promotive effect on STZ-induced diabetic rat skin wound repair. Immunohistochemical localization of examination revealed that compared with the control group, the trauma partial transforming growth factor β1 of curcumin treatment group increased, and the result has been further confirmed in situ hybridization [75]. 15. Improve learning and memory: To study the mechanism of the treatment of vascular dementia of turmeric extract (containing a total of curcumin 74%), carotid artery repeated ischemia and reperfusion merger tail bleeding buck were took to generate mice proposed VD model, to step down test for learning and memory evaluation, determinationbrain tissue and serum SOD, malondialdehyde (MDA) activity, the brain tissue concentration of Glu. The results suggested that turmeric extracts can shorten the response time of the model animals, prolong the incubation period, reduce the number of errors; brain tissue and serum SOD activity was significantly decreased, MDA content was significantly increased and Glu concentration decreased significantly. This indicates that turmeric extracts can improve learning and memory abilities of vascular dementia model mice, and its mechanism may be related to lower serum and brain tissue content of MDA, SOD activity and to reduce brain tissue excitatory amino acid-Glu content [76]. 16. Expectorant, cough and asthma prevention effect: Turmeric volatile oil has a significant role of expectorant, cough, and prevention of asthma attacks [77]. 17. Others: Using turmeric powder to rats and rabbits infectious and noninfectious trauma topical, the wound healing process can accelerate from 23 to 24% [78]. Turmeric water extract or alcohol extract can inhibit the healing of corneal superficial trauma or wear through injuries [79]. The turmeric polysaccharide A, B, C in the carbon clearance test can significantly enhance the activity of the cortical system in the mesh [80]. 18. Process in vivo: (1) Absorption rat eyes curcumin 1g/kg, feces discharge about 75% at the same time the urine, only trace [81]. Rats serving 72 hours of [3H] curcumin 0.6mg per rat, feces discharged about 89%, urine of 6%, for intraperitoneal injection, feces about 73%, 11% in the bile [82]. Taking Curcumin 400mg in rats, can absorb 60%, no curcumin detected in urine, but a significant increase in conjugates with glucuronic acid compounds and sulfate excreted in the urine. 24 hours later, retained in the lower part of the intestine (jejunum, colon) were accounting for administration of the amount of 38%. In 0.25-24 hours, no curcumin detected from the portal vein or heart blood samples, only in the liver and kidney tissue measured trace. Not from the feces, retention of curcumin in the intestine, a possible explanation was absorbed into the intestinal wall and in which conversed [83]. (2) Distribution and blood concentration: Intragastric injection of curcumin 400mg, in 0.25 to 24 hours, colorimetric method can not detecte curcumin in the heart blood (concentrations below 0.5μg/mL), only a trace in the portal vein(below 5μg/mL), liver and kidney tissue was less than 20μg/mL. (3) Metabolism and excretion: Intravenous injection of curcumin or isolated liver perfusion can be active transported into the bile, but most metabolized. In isolated liver cells or liver microsomal suspension, 90% of the added curcumin was metabolized within 30 minutes [84]. Major metabolite of curcumin in the bile was tetrahydro curcumin and the hexahydro curcumin glucuronide compounds, a small amount of dihydro-ferulic acid and trace amounts of ferulic acid [83]. So the absorbed curcumin metabolized in the liver at first and then excreted by the bile [22]. 19. Toxicity: Intragastric curcumin 5g/kg, look no significant toxic effects [81]. 1.25 to 125 times of the the turmeric or curcumin dose of human to feed rats had no bad effect on feeding efficiency ratio, red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, total serum protein, albumin, globulin, serum transaminases and alkaline phosphatase, etc. If the curcumin of feed was 10%, it can significantly reduce the feeding efficiency ratio, which may due to the reduction of eating amount caused by the bad taste of feed [85]. Rats took the curcumin sodium 3g/kg, did not cause death in 24 hours, daily doses of 55mg/kg, a total of six weeks, and would not cause significant side effects [2]. Mice took turmeric powder (feed containing 0.5%) or curcumin (feed containing 0.015% PCE) had no significant effect on bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes micronucleus rate, pregnancy rate, distortion rate of chromosome structure and number and number of live embryos and dead embryos, etc.. Rats fed with turmeric 0.5% and 0.05% of the feed, no significant effect on the incidence of bone marrow chromosome aberration [86, 87]. But fresh turmeric rhizome extracts in vitro can cause chromosome breakage and other aberrations [88]. |
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[Clinical trial] | 1. Hyperthermia: Hyperthermia was treatedwith Shengjiangsan in 43 cases, 1 ~2agent per day, 1 times per 2~3h. Results: 35 cases were cured, 6 cases were improved, 6 cases were invalid[1]. 2. Periarthritis of shoulder: Periarthritis of shoulder were treatedwith Shuo Wu san in 60 cases, three times per days,12 ~ 15 g per time, 1 weekas one period of treatment. Results: treatment for 3 ~ 10 weeks, shoulder painwas disappeared. Above 1 years that not relapses was cure,53 cases were cured,accounting for 85%, pain disappeared, functional activities and appearancemarkedly, abduction normal, lasts 1 years, that was powerful, 9 cases werepowerful , accounting for 15%, all were effective[2]. 3. Soft tissue damage: Soft tissue damage was treated with JiangBaiointment in 200 cases, results: 124 cases were markedly effective, 73 of them wereeffective, 3 cases were invalid, the total effective rate was 98.5%[3]. |
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[Properties] | ||
[Medical and other Uses] | ||
[Dosage] | ||
[Cautions] | ||
[Traditional usage] |
1. Severe toothache 2. Pain and itching due to at the beginning of sores and tineas 3. Gastritis, Cholangitis, abdominal distension, pain, vomiting, jaundice 4. Pain on arms and back not caused by wind or phlegm 5. Wound 6. Preceded menstruation with less amount but in normal color 7. Prolonged pregnant vaginal bleeding with abdominal pain 8. Postpartum abdominal pain |
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[Toxicological studies] | ||
[Pharmaceutical preparations] | ||
[References] |
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